CHAPTER 13
1690.
DEFENCE OF QUEBEC.
PHIPS ON THE SAINT LAWRENCE, PHIPS AT QUEBEC, A FLAG OF TRUCE, SCENE AT THE CHATEAU, THE SUMMONS AND THE ANSWER, PLAN OF ATTACK, LANDING OF THE ENGLISH, THE CANNONADE, THE SHIPS REPULSED, THE LAND ATTACK, RETREAT OF PHIPS, CONDITION OF QUEBEC, REJOICINGS OF THE FRENCH, DISTRESS AT BOSTON.
The delay at Boston, waiting aid from England that never came, was not propitious to Phips; nor were the wind and the waves.  The voyage to the Saint Lawrence was a long one; and when he began, without a pilot, to grope his way up the unknown river, the weather seemed in league with his enemies.  He appears, moreover, to have wasted time.  What was most vital to his success was rapidity of movement; yet, whether by his fault or his misfortune, he remained three weeks within three days' sail of Quebec.  While anchored off Tadoussac, with the wind ahead, he passed the idle hours in holding councils of war and framing rules for the government of his men; and, when at length the wind veered to the east, it is doubtful if he made the best use of his opportunity.  
He presently captured a small vessel, commanded by Granville, an officer whom Prevost had sent to watch his movements.  He had already captured, near Tadoussac, another vessel, having on board Madame Lalande and Madame Joliet, the wife and the mother-in-law of the discoverer of the Mississippi.  When questioned as to the condition of Quebec, they told him that it was imperfectly fortified, that its cannon were dismounted, and that it had not two hundred men to defend it.  Phips was greatly elated, thinking that, like Port Royal, the capital of Canada would fall without a blow.  The statement of the two prisoners was true, for the most part, when it was made; but the energy of Prevost soon wrought a change.

Phips imagined that the Canadians would offer little resistance to the Puritan invasion; for some of the Acadians had felt the influence of their New England neighbors, and shown an inclination to them.  It was far otherwise in Canada, where the English heretics were regarded with abhorrence.  Whenever the invaders tried to land at the settlements along the shore, they were met by a rebuff.  At the river Ouelle, Francheville, the cure put on a cap and capote, took a musket, led his parishioners to the river, and hid with them in the bushes.  As the English boats approached their ambuscade, they gave the foremost a volley, which killed nearly every man on board; upon which the rest sheared off.  It was the same when the fleet neared Quebec.  Bands of militia, vigilant, agile, and well commanded, followed it along the shore, and repelled with showers of bullets every attempt of the enemy to touch Canadian soil.

When, after his protracted voyage, Phips sailed into the Basin of Quebec, one of the grandest scenes on the western continent opened upon his sight: the wide expanse of waters, the lofty promontory beyond, and the opposing heights of Levi; the cataract of Montmorenci, the distant range of the Laurentian Mountains, the warlike rock with its diadem of walls and towers, the roofs of the Lower Town clustering on the strand beneath, the Chateau Saint Louis perched at the brink of the cliff, and over it the white banner, spangled with fleurs-de-lis, flaunting defiance in the clear autumnal air.  Perhaps, as he gazed, a suspicion seized him that the task he had undertaken was less easy than he had thought; but he had conquered once by a simple summons to surrender, and he resolved to try its virtue again.

The fleet anchored a little below Quebec; and towards ten o'clock the French saw a boat put out from the admiral's ship, bearing a flag of truce.  Four canoes went from the Lower Town, and met it midway.  It brought a subaltern officer, who announced himself as the bearer of a letter from Sir William Phips to the French commander.  He was taken into one of the canoes and paddled to the quay, after being completely blindfolded by a bandage which covered half his face.  Prevost received him as he landed, and ordered two sergeants to take him by the arms and lead him to the governor.  His progress was neither rapid nor direct.  They drew him hither and thither, delighting to make him clamber in the dark over every possible obstruction; while a noisy crowd hustled him, and laughing women called him Colin Maillard, the name of the chief player in blindman's buff.  Amid a prodigious hubbub, intended to bewilder him and impress him with a sense of immense warlike preparation, they dragged him over the three barricades of Mountain Street, and brought him at last into a large room of the chateau.  Here they took the bandage from his eyes.  He stood for a moment with an air of astonishment and some confusion.  The governor stood before him, haughty and stern, surrounded by French and Canadian officers, Maricourt, Sainte-Helene, Longueuil, Villebon, Valrenne, Bienville, and many more, bedecked with gold lace and silver lace, perukes and powder, plumes and ribbons, and all the martial foppery in which they took delight, and regarding the envoy with keen, defiant eyes.  After a moment, he recovered his breath and his composure, saluted Frontenac, and, expressing a wish that the duty assigned him had been of a more agreeable nature, handed him the letter of Phips.  Frontenac gave it to an interpreter, who read it aloud in French that all might hear.

 It ran thus:—

"Sir William Phips, Knight, General and Commander-in-chief in and over their Majesties' Forces of New England, by Sea and Land, to Count Frontenac, Lieutenant-General and Governour for the French King at Canada; or, in his absence, to his Deputy, or him or them in chief command at Quebeck:

"The war between the crowns of England and France doth not only sufficiently warrant, but the destruction made by the French and Indians, under your command and encouragement, upon the persons and estates of their Majesties' subjects of New England, without provocation on their part, hath put them under the necessity of this expedition for their own security and satisfaction.  And although the cruelties and barbarities used against them by the French and Indians might, upon the present opportunity, prompt unto a severe revenge, yet, being desirous to avoid all inhumane and unchristian-like actions, and to prevent shedding of blood as much as may be, "I, the aforesaid William Phips, Knight, do hereby, in the name and in the behalf of their most excellent Majesties, William and Mary, King and Queen of England, Scotland, France, and Ireland, Defenders of the Faith, and by order of their said Majesties' government of the Massachuset-colony in New England, demand a present surrender of your forts and castles, undemolished, and the King's and other stores, unimbezzled, with a seasonable delivery of all captives; together with a surrender of all your persons and estates to my dispose: upon the doing whereof, you may expect mercy from me, as a Christian, according to what shall be found for their Majesties' service and the subjects' security.  Which, if you refuse forthwith to do, I am come provided, and am resolved, by the help of God, in whom I trust, by force of arms to revenge all wrongs and injuries offered, and bring you under subjection to the Crown of England, and, when too late, make you wish you had accepted of the favour tendered.

"Your answer positive in an hour, returned by your own trumpet, with the return of mine, is required upon the peril that will ensue." When the reading was finished, the Englishman pulled his watch from his pocket, and handed it to the governor.  Frontenac could not, or pretended that he could not, see the hour.  The messenger thereupon told him that it was ten o'clock, and that he must have his answer before eleven.  A general cry of indignation arose; and Valrenne called out that Phips was nothing but a pirate, and that his man ought to be hanged.  Frontenac contained himself for a moment, and then said to the envoy:—

"I will not keep you waiting so long.  Tell your general that I do not recognize King William: and that the Prince of Orange, who so styles himself, is a usurper, who has violated the most sacred laws of blood in attempting to dethrone his father-in-law.  I know no king of England but King James.  Your general ought not to be surprised at the hostilities which he says that the French have carried on in the colony of Massachusetts; for, as the king my master has taken the king of England under his protection, and is about to replace him on his throne by force of arms, he might have expected that his Majesty would order me to make war on a people who have rebelled against their lawful prince." Then, turning with a smile to the officers about him: "Even if your general offered me conditions a little more gracious, and if I had a mind to accept them, does he suppose that these brave gentlemen would give their consent, and advise me to trust a man who broke his agreement with the governor of Port Royal, or a rebel who has failed in his duty to his king, and forgotten all the favors he had received from him, to follow a prince who pretends to be the liberator of England and the defender of the faith, and yet destroys the laws and privileges of the kingdom and overthrows its religion? The divine justice which your general invokes in his letter will not fail to punish such acts severely."

The messenger seemed astonished and startled; but he presently asked if the governor would give him his answer in writing.

"No," returned Frontenac, "I will answer your general only by the mouths of my cannon, that he may learn that a man like me is not to be summoned after this fashion.  Let him do his best, and I will do mine;" and he dismissed the Englishman abruptly.  He was again blindfolded, led over the barricades, and sent back to the fleet by the boat that brought him.  

Phips had often given proof of personal courage, but for the past three weeks his conduct seems that of a man conscious that he is charged with a work too large for his capacity.  He had spent a good part of his time in holding councils of war; and now, when he heard the answer of Frontenac, he called another to consider what should be done.  A plan of attack was at length arranged.  The militia were to be landed on the shore of Beauport, which was just below Quebec, though separated from it by the Saint Charles.  They were then to cross this river by a ford practicable at low water, climb the heights of Saint Genevieve, and gain the rear of the town.  The small vessels of the fleet were to aid the movement by ascending the Saint Charles as far as the ford, holding the enemy in check by their fire, and carrying provisions, ammunition, and intrenching tools, for the use of the land troops.  When these had crossed and were ready to attack Quebec in the rear, Phips was to cannonade it in front, and land two hundred men under cover of his guns to effect a diversion by storming the barricades.  Some of the French prisoners, from whom their captors appear to have received a great deal of correct information, told the admiral that there was a place a mile or two above the town where the heights might be scaled and the rear of the fortifications reached from a direction opposite to that proposed.  This was precisely the movement by which Wolfe afterwards gained his memorable victory; but Phips chose to abide by the original plan.  

While the plan was debated, the opportunity for accomplishing it ebbed away.  It was still early when the messenger returned from Quebec; but, before Phips was ready to act, the day was on the wane and the tide was against him.  He lay quietly at his moorings when, in the evening, a great shouting, mingled with the roll of drums and the sound of fifes, was heard from the Upper Town.  The English officers asked their prisoner, Granville, what it meant.  "Ma foi, Messieurs," he replied, "you have lost the game.  It is the governor of Montreal with the people from the country above.  There is nothing for you now but to pack and go home." In fact, Callieres had arrived with seven or eight hundred men, many of them regulars.  With these were bands of coureurs de bois and other young Canadians, all full of fight, singing and whooping with martial glee as they passed the western gate and trooped down Saint Louis Street.  The next day was gusty and blustering; and still Phips lay quiet, waiting on the winds and the waves.  A small vessel, with sixty men on board, under Captain Ephraim Savage, ran in towards the shore of Beauport to examine the landing, and stuck fast in the mud.  The Canadians plied her with bullets, and brought a cannon to bear on her.  They might have waded out and boarded her, but Savage and his men kept up so hot a fire that they forbore the attempt; and, when the tide rose, she floated again.

There was another night of tranquillity; but at about eleven on Wednesday morning the French heard the English fifes and drums in full action, while repeated shouts of "God save King William!" rose from all the vessels.  This lasted an hour or more; after which a great number of boats, loaded with men, put out from the fleet and rowed rapidly towards the shore of Beauport.  The tide was low, and the boats grounded before reaching the landing-place.  The French on the rock could see the troops through telescopes, looking in the distance like a swarm of black ants, as they waded through mud and water, and formed in companies along the strand.  They were some thirteen hundred in number, and were commanded by Major Walley.  Frontenac had sent three hundred sharpshooters, under Sainte-Helene, to meet them and hold them in check.  A battalion of troops followed; but, long before they could reach the spot, Sainte-Helene's men, with a few militia from the neighboring parishes, and a band of Huron warriors from Lorette, threw themselves into the thickets along the front of the English, and opened a distant but galling fire upon the compact bodies of the enemy.  Walley ordered a charge.  The New England men rushed, in a disorderly manner, but with great impetuosity, up the rising ground; received two volleys, which failed to check them; and drove back the assailants in some confusion.  They turned, however, and fought in Indian fashion with courage and address, leaping and dodging among trees, rocks, and bushes, firing as they retreated, and inflicting more harm than they received.  Towards evening they disappeared; and Walley, whose men had been much scattered in the desultory fight, drew them together as well as he could, and advanced towards the Saint Charles, in order to meet the vessels which were to aid him in passing the ford.  Here he posted sentinels, and encamped for the night.  He had lost four killed and about sixty wounded, and imagined that he had killed twenty or thirty of the enemy.  In fact, however, their loss was much less, though among the killed was a valuable officer, the Chevalier de Clermont, and among the wounded the veteran captain of Beauport, Juchereau de Saint-Denis, more than sixty-four years of age.  In the evening, a deserter came to the English camp, and brought the unwelcome intelligence that there were three thousand armed men in Quebec.  

Meanwhile, Phips, whose fault hitherto had not been an excess of promptitude, grew impatient, and made a premature movement inconsistent with the preconcerted plan.  He left his moorings, anchored his largest ships before the town, and prepared to cannonade it; but the fiery veteran, who watched him from the Chateau Saint Louis, anticipated him, and gave him the first shot.  Phips replied furiously, opening fire with every gun that he could bring to bear; while the rock paid him back in kind, and belched flame and smoke from all its batteries.  So fierce and rapid was the firing, that La Hontan compares it to volleys of musketry; and old officers, who had seen many sieges, declared that they had never known the like.  The din was prodigious, reverberated from the surrounding heights, and rolled back from the distant mountains in one continuous roar.  On the part of the English, however, surprisingly little was accomplished beside noise and smoke.  The practice of their gunners was so bad that many of their shot struck harmlessly against the face of the cliff.  Their guns, too, were very light, and appear to have been charged with a view to the most rigid economy of gunpowder; for the balls failed to pierce the stone walls of the buildings, and did so little damage that, as the French boasted, twenty crowns would have repaired it all.  Night came at length, and the turmoil ceased.  Phips lay quiet till daybreak, when Frontenac sent a shot to waken him, and the cannonade began again.  Sainte-Helene had returned from Beauport; and he, with his brother Maricourt, took charge of the two batteries of the Lower Town, aiming the guns in person, and throwing balls of eighteen and twenty-four pounds with excellent precision against the four largest ships of the fleet.  One of their shots cut the flagstaff of the admiral, and the cross of Saint George fell into the river.  It drifted with the tide towards the north shore; whereupon several Canadians paddled out in a birch canoe, secured it, and brought it back in triumph.  On the spire of the cathedral in the Upper Town had been hung a picture of the Holy Family, as an invocation of divine aid.  The Puritan gunners wasted their ammunition in vain attempts to knock it down.  That it escaped their malice was ascribed to miracle, but the miracle would have been greater if they had hit it.

At length, one of the ships, which had suffered most, hauled off and abandoned the fight.  That of the admiral had fared little better, and now her condition grew desperate.  With her rigging torn, her mainmast half cut through, her mizzen-mast splintered, her cabin pierced, and her hull riddled with shot, another volley seemed likely to sink her, when Phips ordered her to be cut loose from her moorings, and she drifted out of fire, leaving cable and anchor behind.  The remaining ships soon gave over the conflict, and withdrew to stations where they could neither do harm nor suffer it.  

Phips had thrown away nearly all his ammunition in this futile and disastrous attack, which should have been deferred till the moment when Walley, with his land force, had gained the rear of the town.  Walley lay in his camp, his men wet, shivering with cold, famished, and sickening with the small-pox.  Food, and all other supplies, were to have been brought him by the small vessels, which should have entered the mouth of the Saint Charles and aided him to cross it.  But he waited for them in vain.  Every vessel that carried a gun had busied itself in cannonading, and the rest did not move.  There appears to have been insubordination among the masters of these small craft, some of whom, being owners or part-owners of the vessels they commanded, were probably unwilling to run them into danger.  Walley was no soldier; but he saw that to attempt the passage of the river without aid, under the batteries of the town and in the face of forces twice as numerous as his own, was not an easy task.  Frontenac, on his part, says that he wished him to do so, knowing that the attempt would ruin him.  The New England men were eager to push on; but the night of Thursday, the day of Phips's repulse, was so cold that ice formed more than an inch in thickness, and the half-starved militia suffered intensely.  Six field-pieces, with their ammunition, had been sent ashore; but they were nearly useless, as there were no means of moving them.  Half a barrel of musket powder, and one biscuit for each man, were also landed; and with this meagre aid Walley was left to capture Quebec.  He might, had he dared, have made a dash across the ford on the morning of Thursday, and assaulted the town in the rear while Phips was cannonading it in front; but his courage was not equal to so desperate a venture.  The firing ceased, and the possible opportunity was lost.  The citizen soldier despaired of success; and, on the morning of Friday, he went on board the admiral's ship to explain his situation.  While he was gone, his men put themselves in motion, and advanced along the borders of the Saint Charles towards the ford.  Frontenac, with three battalions of regular troops, went to receive them at the crossing; while Sainte-Helene, with his brother Longueuil, passed the ford with a body of Canadians, and opened fire on them from the neighboring thickets.  Their advance parties were driven in, and there was a hot skirmish, the chief loss falling on the New England men, who were fully exposed.  On the side of the French, Sainte-Helene was mortally wounded, and his brother was hurt by a spent ball.  Towards evening, the Canadians withdrew, and the English encamped for the night.  Their commander presently rejoined them.  The admiral had given him leave to withdraw them to the fleet, and boats were accordingly sent to bring them off; but, as these did not arrive till about daybreak, it was necessary to defer the embarkation till the next night.

At dawn, Quebec was all astir with the beating of drums and the ringing of bells.  The New England drums replied; and Walley drew up his men under arms, expecting an attack, for the town was so near that the hubbub of voices from within could plainly be heard.  The noise gradually died away; and, except a few shots from the ramparts, the invaders were left undisturbed.  Walley sent two or three companies to beat up the neighboring thickets, where he suspected that the enemy was lurking.  On the way, they had the good luck to find and kill a number of cattle, which they cooked and ate on the spot; whereupon, being greatly refreshed and invigorated, they dashed forward in complete disorder, and were soon met by the fire of the ambushed Canadians.  Several more companies were sent to their support, and the skirmishing became lively.  Three detachments from Quebec had crossed the river; and the militia of Beauport and Beaupre had hastened to join them.  They fought like Indians, hiding behind trees or throwing themselves flat among the bushes, and laying repeated ambuscades as they slowly fell back.  At length, they all made a stand on a hill behind the buildings and fences of a farm; and here they held their ground till night, while the New England men taunted them as cowards who would never fight except under cover.  Walley, who with his main body had stood in arms all day, now called in the skirmishers, and fell back to the landing-place, where, as soon as it grew dark, the boats arrived from the fleet.  The sick men, of whom there were many, were sent on board, and then, amid floods of rain, the whole force embarked in noisy confusion, leaving behind them in the mud five of their cannon.  Hasty as was their parting, their conduct on the whole had been creditable; and La Hontan, who was in Quebec at the time, says of them, "They fought vigorously, though as ill-disciplined as men gathered together at random could be; for they did not lack courage, and, if they failed, it was by reason of their entire ignorance of discipline, and because they were exhausted by the fatigues of the voyage." Of Phips he speaks with contempt, and says that he could not have served the French better if they had bribed him to stand all the while with his arms folded.  Some allowance should, nevertheless, be made him for the unmanageable character of the force under his command, the constitution of which was fatal to military subordination.

On Sunday, the morning after the re-embarkation, Phips called a council of officers, and it was resolved that the men should rest for a day or two, that there should be a meeting for prayer, and that, if ammunition enough could be found, another landing should be attempted; but the rough weather prevented the prayer-meeting, and the plan of a new attack was fortunately abandoned.

Quebec remained in agitation and alarm till Tuesday, when Phips weighed anchor and disappeared, with all his fleet, behind the Island of Orleans.  He did not go far, as indeed he could not, but stopped four leagues below to mend rigging, fortify wounded masts, and stop shot-holes.  Subercase had gone with a detachment to watch the retiring enemy; and Phips was repeatedly seen among his men, on a scaffold at the side of his ship, exercising his old trade of carpenter.  This delay was turned to good use by an exchange of prisoners.  Chief among those in the hands of the French was Captain Davis, late commander at Casco Bay; and there were also two young daughters of Lieutenant Clark, who had been killed at the same place.  Frontenac himself had humanely ransomed these children from the Indians; and Madame de Champigny, wife of the intendant, had, with equal kindness, bought from them a little girl named Sarah Gerrish, and placed her in charge of the nuns at the Hotel-Dieu, who had become greatly attached to her, while she, on her part, left them with reluctance.  The French had the better in these exchanges, receiving able-bodied men, and returning, with the exception of Davis, only women and children.  The heretics were gone, and Quebec breathed freely again.  Her escape had been a narrow one; not that three thousand men, in part regular troops, defending one of the strongest positions on the continent, and commanded by Frontenac, could not defy the attacks of two thousand raw fishermen and farmers, led by an ignorant civilian, but the numbers which were a source of strength were at the same time a source of weakness.  Nearly all the adult males of Canada were gathered at Quebec, and there was imminent danger of starvation.  Cattle from the neighboring parishes had been hastily driven into the town; but there was little other provision, and before Phips retreated the pinch of famine had begun.  Had he come a week earlier or stayed a week later, the French themselves believed that Quebec would have fallen, in the one case for want of men, and in the other for want of food.

The Lower Town had been abandoned by its inhabitants, who bestowed their families and their furniture within the solid walls of the seminary.  The cellars of the Ursuline convent were filled with women and children, and many more took refuge at the Hotel-Dieu.  The beans and cabbages in the garden of the nuns were all stolen by the soldiers; and their wood-pile was turned into bivouac fires.  "We were more dead than alive when we heard the cannon," writes Mother Juchereau; but the Jesuit Fremin came to console them, and their prayers and their labors never ceased.  On the day when the firing was heaviest, twenty-six balls fell into their yard and garden, and were sent to the gunners at the batteries, who returned them to their English owners.  At the convent of the Ursulines, the corner of a nun's apron was carried off by a cannon-shot as she passed through her chamber.  The sisterhood began a novena, or nine days' devotion, to Saint Joseph, Saint Ann, the angels, and the souls in purgatory; and one of their number remained day and night in prayer before the images of the Holy Family.  The bishop came to encourage them; and his prayers and his chants were so fervent that they thought their last hour was come.  

The superior of the Jesuits, with some of the elder members of the Order, remained at their college during the attack, ready, should the heretics prevail, to repair to their chapel, and die before the altar.  Rumor exaggerated the numbers of the enemy, and a general alarm pervaded the town.  It was still greater at Lorette, nine miles distant.  The warriors of that mission were in the first skirmish at Beauport; and two of them, running off in a fright, reported at the village that the enemy were carrying every thing before them.  On this, the villagers fled to the woods, followed by Father Germain, their missionary, to whom this hasty exodus suggested the flight of the Holy Family into Egypt.  

When news first came of the approach of Phips, the bishop was absent on a pastoral tour.  Hastening back, he entered Quebec at night, by torchlight, to the great joy of its inmates, who felt that his presence brought a benediction.  He issued a pastoral address, exhorting his flock to frequent and full confession and constant attendance at mass, as the means of insuring the success of their arms.  Laval, the former bishop, aided his efforts.  "We appealed," he writes, "to God, his Holy Mother, to all the Angels, and to all the Saints." Nor was the appeal in vain: for each day seemed to bring some new token of celestial favor; and it is not surprising that the head-winds which delayed the approach of the enemy, the cold and the storms which hastened his departure, and, above all, his singularly innocent cannonade, which killed but two or three persons, should have been accepted as proof of divine intervention.  It was to the Holy Virgin that Quebec had been most lavish of its vows, and to her the victory was ascribed.

One great anxiety still troubled the minds of the victors.  Three ships, bringing large sums of money and the yearly supplies for the colony, were on their way to Quebec; and nothing was more likely than that the retiring fleet would meet and capture them.  Messengers had been sent down the river, who passed the English in the dark, found the ships at Saint Paul's Bay, and warned them of the danger.  They turned back, and hid themselves within the mouth of the Saguenay; but not soon enough to prevent Phips from discovering their retreat.  He tried to follow them; but thick fogs arose, with a persistent tempest of snow, which completely baffled him, and, after waiting five days, he gave over the attempt.  When he was gone, the three ships emerged from their hiding-place, and sailed again for Quebec, where they were greeted with a universal jubilee.  Their deliverance was ascribed to Saint Ann, the mother of the Virgin, and also to Saint Francis Xavier, whose name one of them bore.

Quebec was divided between thanksgiving and rejoicing.  The captured flag of Phips's ship was borne to the cathedral in triumph; the bishop sang Te Deum; and, amid the firing of cannon, the image of the Virgin was carried to each church and chapel in the place by a procession, in which priests, people, and troops all took part.  The day closed with a grand bonfire in honor of Frontenac.

One of the three ships carried back the news of the victory, which was hailed with joy at Versailles; and a medal was struck to commemorate it.  The ship carried also a despatch from Frontenac.  "Now that the king has triumphed by land and sea," wrote the old soldier, "will he think that a few squadrons of his navy would be ill employed in punishing the insolence of these genuine old parliamentarians of Boston, and crushing them in their den and the English of New York as well? By mastering these two towns, we shall secure the whole sea-coast, besides the fisheries of the Grand Bank, which is no slight matter: and this would be the true, and perhaps the only, way of bringing the wars of Canada to an end; for, when the English are conquered, we can easily reduce the Iroquois to complete submission." 

Phips returned crestfallen to Boston late in November; and one by one the rest of the fleet came straggling after him, battered and weather-beaten.  Some did not appear till February, and three or four never came at all.  The autumn and early winter were unusually stormy.  Captain Rainsford, with sixty men, was wrecked on the Island of Anticosti, where more than half their number died of cold and misery.  In the other vessels, some were drowned, some frost-bitten, and above two hundred killed by small-pox and fever.

At Boston, all was dismay and gloom.  The Puritan bowed before "this awful frown of God," and searched his conscience for the sin that had brought upon him so stern a chastisement.  Massachusetts, already impoverished, found herself in extremity.  The war, instead of paying for itself, had burdened her with an additional debt of fifty thousand pounds.  The sailors and soldiers were clamorous for their pay; and, to satisfy them, the colony was forced for the first time in its history to issue a paper currency.  It was made receivable at a premium for all public debts, and was also fortified by a provision for its early redemption by taxation; a provision which was carried into effect in spite of poverty and distress.  Massachusetts had made her usual mistake.  She had confidently believed that ignorance and inexperience could match the skill of a tried veteran, and that the rude courage of her fishermen and farmers could triumph without discipline or leadership.  The conditions of her material prosperity were adverse to efficiency in war.  A trading republic, without trained officers, may win victories; but it wins them either by accident or by an extravagant outlay in money and life.