GOUVERNEUR MORRIS
BY
THEODORE ROOSEVELT

BOSTON AND NEW YORK
HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY tttaerlibe

PEEFACE
gouveeneur morris, like his far greater friend and political associate, Alexander Hamilton, had about him that " touch of the purple " which is always so strongly attractive. He was too unstable and erratic to leave a profound mark upon our political developments, but he performed two or three conspicuous feats, he rendered several marked services to the country, and he embodied to a peculiar degree both the qualities which made the Federalist party so brilliant and so useful, and those other qualities which finally brought about its downfall. Hamilton and even Jay represented better what was highest in the Federalist party. Gouverneur Morris stood for its weakness as well as for its strength. Able, fearless, and cultivated, deeply devoted to his people, and of much too tough fibre ever to be misled, into losing his affection for things American because of American faults and shortcomings, as was and is the case with weaker natures, he was able to render distinguished service to his country. Other American ministers have been greater and more successful

VI

PREFACE

diplomats than Morris was ; but no one has better represented those qualities of generous daring and lofty disinterestedness which we like to associate with the name American, than did the minister who, alone among the foreign ministers, kept his residence in Paris through the " Terror." He stood for order. He stood for the honest payment of debts. Unlike many of his colleagues, he was a polished man of the world, whose comments on men and things showed that curious insight and power of observation which come only when to natural ability there is added special training. But he distrusted the mass of the people, and especially the mass of the people in other sections of the country than his own, who had not the habits of refinement and the ways of looking at life which he and his associates possessed; and thus it happened that, when the Federalists sank into a secessionist faction, the name of Gouverneur Morris was associated with the names of the others who at that time lacked the power, but not the will, to split a great nation into a chaos of feeble and quarrelsome little states.
THEODORE ROOSEVELT. washington, April, 1898.

CONTENTS

PAGE
1
24
46 66
86
I. His youth : colonial new yobk II. the outbreak of the revolution : morris in
the provincial congress    ....
HI. independence: forming the state constitu
tion      	
IV. in the continental congress V. finances:  the treaty of peace     •
VI. the formation of the national constitution	108
VII. first stay in france		146
VIII. life in paris		171
IX. mission to england:  return to paris       .	197
X. minister to france		219
XI. stay in europe		261
XII. service in the united states senate    .      .	278
XIII. the northern disunion movement among the
federalists		302
index		.	319
INDEX

abkrckomhib, geneeal, defeated at Ticonderoga, 3.
Adams, John, his place as statesman, 45; on peace commission, 104 ; joins Jay in disregarding instructions, 104; his credit for treaty, 107; as president heads peace faction, 281 ; hia renomination opposed by Morris, 285; renominated, 285; signs judiciary bill, 288; makes midnight appointments, 289.
Adams, Samuel, opposes Washington in Congress, GG; hampers patriot cause, G9, 111; leads states-rights party in Massachusetts, 111; his attitude compared with that of Morris hi 1814, 314.
Alien and Sedition Acts, agitation against, 280.
Allen, Ethan, refused permission by New York to invade Canada, 39.
American character, opinion of Morris on, 298.
Ames, Fisher, his speech in favor of ratifying the Jay treaty, 284.
Angoul§me, Duchesse de, receives report of expenditure by Morris of royal money, 222.
Argyle, Duke of, entertains Morris, 265.
Army of the Revolution, its inferior military ability, 43, 44; its lack sf steadfastness, 44 ; inferiority of its generals, 45; its sufferings at Valley Forge, C6, 67; neglected by Congress, G6; half-pay scheme for, 68-70; abuses in its administration, 70 ; unfavorable comparison of, with Confederate Army in 1864, 70; foreign adventurers in, 74; quartermastersbip of Greene in, 75; after peace favors a stronger union, 111.

Arnold, Benedict, defeated on Lake Champlain, 59; aids in defeating Burgoyne, 63.
Articles of Confederation, their im-poteuee recognized after treaty cf peace, 109.
Artois, Comte de [afterward Charlea X.], Morris's opinion of, 188, 189, 267.
Assembly of New York. See Legislature.
Atholl, Duke of, entertains Morris, 265.
bank of noeth america, incorporated by Congress, 89; aids Robert Morris, 90.
Beekman family in New York politics, 29.
Blake, Admiral, superior to Rodney and Suffren, 102.
Berlin, social lite of Morris at court of, 267-269, 274,
Bonaparte, Napoleon, inadequate judgment of Morris concerning, 264; proposal of Morris to defy him and seize Louisiana, 293, 294; sells Louisiana, 294; exultation of Morris over his fall, 306.
Bowdoin family, of Huguenot origin, 10.
Brissot, supplants Lafayette, his fall predicted by Morris, 248.
Brunswick, Duke of, comments of Morris on his foolish manifesto, 247; defeated by French, 247, 248; receives Morris with hospitality, 275.
Burgoyne, General John, invades New York, 59 ; defeats Arnold on Lake Champlain, 59; captures forts and defeats St. Glair, 60; suffers reverses, 63; his defeat and surrender, 63; criticised by Riedesel, 275,

320

INDEX

Burke, Edmund, rebukes New York Congress for timidity, 33.
Burr, Aaron, counsel in suit with Morris, 279; Democratic leader in New York, 284 ; carries New York for Jefferson, 286; plan to elect liim over Jefferson opposed by Morris, 287; Ms secession scheme compared with that of Jefferson Davits, 314.
Butler, Pierce, on tendency toward western expansion, 127; in constitutional convention, proposes exclusion of foreigners from office, 136.
CABifeKEs, M. de, anecdote concerning, 182.
Cabot, George, controls Hartford convention, 309.
Calhoun, John C., leader of Democratic war party, 306 ; his advocacy of secession compared with Morris's, 308.
Canada, proposed invasion of by Ethan Allen, discountenanced by Kew York, 39; by Washington, 77 ; its capture opposed by French, 77, 78 ; failure to invade in 1812, 305.
Carroll family of Maryland in Revolution, 34.
Catherine, Tsarina of Russia, Morris's high opinion of, 145, 227.
Charles X.    See Comte d'Artois.
Chase, S. P., compared with Revolutionary statesmen, 46.
Chastellux, Madame de, entertains Morris, 180, 213 ; at chapel, 182.
Clay, Henry, leader of Democratic war party, 306.
Clermont Tonnerre, Comte de, reads absurd paper on punishments, 154, 155 ; flirtation of Madame de Stael with, 176.
Clifton family of Maryland in Revolution, 34.
Climate of America, its superiority, according to Morris, over England, 297, 298.
Clinton family, among smaller landed proprietors, 14; aids Jefferson to carry New York, 286.
Clinton, George, his mixed ancestry, 9; elected governor pf New York,

59; continues for a time to serve in field, 59; leads party demanding sovereignty over Vermont, 83 ; told by Morris to act or cease talking, 84; leads states-rights party in New York under confederation, 111; opposes adoption of Constitution, 144 ; defeats Jay for governor by a technicality, 284.
Clinton, James, services in Revolution, 59.
Coinage, American, suggested by Morris, 91-94.
Confederates of 1861, compared to Tories of 177G, 25,145 ; to New England disunionists of 1814, 311, 312, 314.
Congress, Continental, refusal of New York Congress to approve its proceedings, 31 ; recoinmended by New York Congress, at Morris's suggestion, to issue paper money, 32, 33; adopts Declaration of Independence, 50; successful mission of Morris to, 51 ; supplants Schuyler by Gates, 62; breaks terms given Bur-goyne by Gates, C3 ; sends committee to examine army at Valley Forge, 66; fails to support army, 66: led by Morris to grant half-pay and a small bounty, C9, 70; described by Morris, 73; rejects North's proposals, 76; ratifies French treaty, 76; papers written by Morris for, 7G, 77; controversy in, over Silas Deane, 81; action of Morris in, 82 ; accepts his draft of instructions for foreign ministers, 82; urged by New York to act in Vermont matter, 83; its impotence to decide, stated by Morris, 84 ; decays after 1779, 86 ; establishes departments of foreign affairs and of finance, 89; incorporates Bank of North America, 89 ; directs Morris to report on coinage, 90; instructs peace commissioners to be guided by France, 104; its instructions disregarded, 104,
Congress of the United States, ratifies Morris's nomination as minister to France, 219; passes judiciary act, 288; repeals it under Democratic influence, 290.

INDEX

321

Congress, Provincial. See Legislature.
Connecticut, sends a mob into New York to attack Tories, 38, 39 ; disunion movement in, 311.
Convention, Constitutional, its eminent membership, 115; its contrast to French States General, 115 ; its product shows good results of combined deliberation, 117, 118; inferiority of separate plans proposed, 118 ; necessity of combining views of both centralizers and Democrats, 118, 119; leading position of Madison in, 120; prominence of Morris in debate, 120 ; conflicting interests to reconcile, 122 ; compromise concerning states' rights, 123 ; discussions over national supremacy, 125, 126; neglects Morris's proposal to guard against western growth, 128; discussion of suffrage, 129, 130; on Senate, 131; on taxation proportional to representation, 132 ; debates election of executive, 133 ; the judiciary, 134 ; on Congress and its powers, 135; discusses eligibility of foreigners to office, 136; debates over slave representation and the slave trade, 136-141; attack of Morris on claims of South, 137, 138 ; indifference of New England members, 138-140; bargain between South and New England, 139 ; agrees to compromises on slave representation and on alave trade, 141; necessity of compromises adopted, 141-143.
Conway cabal, attacked by Morris in Congress, 72.
Coote, Sir Eyre, defeats Hyder Ali, 101.
Cornwallis, General, Lord, comments of Morris on his invasion of Virginia, 99 ; surrenders at Yorktown, 100 ; his generalship, 101.
Council of Safety, its attempts to defend New York against Burgoyne, 59-62.
Cromwell, Oliver, compared with Washington, 44.
Cruger, John, Mayor, of Dutch origin, claims " rights as Englishman," 12.
Cruger, John Harris, loyalist leader from New York, 38.

Cumberland, Duchess of, friendship of Morris with, 275.
dalhymple, general, conversation with Morris, 108.
Danton, not contemptible like Louia XV., 234 ; overthrows Gironde, 250 ; Morris's description of, 257.
D'Angre'mont, refuses to betray Morris's plan to save Louis XVI., 222.
Davis, Jefferson, his attitude toward secession compared with that of Burr, 314.
Deane, Silas, defended by Morris in Congress, 81; attacked by Paine, 81; annoys Morris by fabulous story of the loss of his leg, 95.
Declaration of rights, Morris's comments on, 153, 154.
De Lancey family, leading loyalists in New York during Revolution, 14, 38; supported by Episcopalians and merchants, 18, 19 ; carries Assembly in 17C8 with aid of moderates, 19.
Democratic party, opposes Morris's appointment as minister to France, 219; controlled absolutely by Jefferson, 280; abuses Washington, 281 ; gains ground in New York 285 ; carries New York, 286 ; repeals judiciary act, 290 ; does not carry out avowed principles when in power, 290, 291; continues Federalist policy, 291 ; ceases to be subservient to France, 292 ; refuses to reelect Morris, 295; damages country in war of 1812 by refusal to build navy, 303; relies on militia, 304; deserves censure for inefficient conduct of war, 305, 306.
De Peyster, Abraham, loyalist leader from New York, 38.
Dieskau, Baron, defeated in French and Indian war, 3.
Diplomatic history, unofficial mission of Morris to England, 197-205; difficulties over carrying out of treaty of peace, 197, 198; Duke of Leeds evades answering Morris, 201,202; last fruitless interview of Morris with Pitt, 203, 204 ; failure of mission, 205; relations of Morris to

322

INDEX

Luzerne, 205 ; mission of Morris to France, 219-25G ; Morris's impartial policy, 220, 224; Morris's connection with plans to save the king, 221-223 ; protests of Morris against French decrees concerning neutrals, 223; attempts to save Lafayette, 238, 239; dispute between Morris and French foreign minister over American debt, 241 ; Morris forces minister to apologize, 241; his other labors, 243 ; obliged to sacrifice individual cases. 243, 244; question of payment of American debts to republic, 244; Morris defeats plan of executive council to speculate in American drafts, 245; difficulties over French maritime outrages, 246; mission of Genet to United States, 254 ; recall of Morris, 254; estimate of Morris's services, 255, 25G ; Monroe's mission to France, 261; Jay's mission to England, 262, 2(53 ; his treaty, its justification, 284.
Disunion, movement for, in New England in 1812, 308-311 ; outbreaks in other States, 311 ; comparison of movement with that of 18GO, and with Garrisonian movement, 312; discussion of theory of disunion, 313; low motives for, in cases of Burr and Davis, 314.
Duane, James, favors ratification of Constitution, 144.
Dumouriez, General, his position toward the Girondists, 233; meets Morris, 235; hopes of Morris that he will stay revolution, 235, 236; his successes in Flanders, 23G; his fall, 23G; flies with Louis Philippe, 276.
Duquesne, Marquis, compared to Suf-fren, 101.
Dutch element, in New York, 8, 11; loses ground before English, 11; claims " rights of Englishmen," 12 ; in Revolutionary conventions, 29.
Dutch Reformed church in New York, 8, 11 ; adopts English language, 11; its ministers of Scotch blood, 12; comprises many of lower classes, 15; its rights protected by treaty, 16.

eastern question, foreshadowed by Morris, 145.
Eden, Sir Morton, attentive to Morris in Vienna, 270; on English liking for uniform, 273.
Ellsworth, Oliver, his cynical remarks in Constitutional Convention about slavery, 138; advocates free slave trade, 139.
Emigres, dealings of Morris with, 263, 267 ; their levity, 267.
England, discussion of its colonial policy, 4 ; not really tyrannical, 4 ; selfish attitude toward colonists, 5; alienates colonial loyalty by stupidity, 6; and by George III.'s blunders, 7, 24, 27 ; its conduct of war inferior to American, 71 ; offers conciliatory bills, 75; attitude of Morris and others toward, 80; ita hard plight in 1781, 100; fights enemies to a standstill, 101; material aid rendered by Tories and Germans, 103; makes concessions to America in treaty of peace in order to separate it from France, 107; patronizing language of Morris about, 108; refuses to carry out treaty of peace, 197, 198; mission of Morris to, 197-205; feeling in, hostile to America, 198, 204; its policy to injure United States as much as possible, 198, 199, 204; society in, satirized by Morris, 199, 200; indifferent to a commercial treaty, 201, 202; Morris's account of its policy, 204, 253; makes treaty with Jay, 263; visit of Morris to, 265-267 ; attempt of Morris to explain to Washington its attitude, 2G6.
English element in New York, 8, 9; not the only one in colonies before Revolution, 10,
English society, found insufferably dull by Morris, 109, 2CO.
Episcopalians in New York, 8, 12; gain at eipense of Dutch Reformed, 11; comprise the aristocracy, 14; use political power to persecute dissenters, 15; mostly loyalist, 16 ; control King's College, 16; their churches open during

INDEX

323

Revolution, only under English protection, 16; memorial of New York Convention against, 52.
Erie Canal, originally planned by Morris, 295 ; his activity as canal commissioner, 295.
Estaing, Comte de, takes refuge with Morris during Terror, 229.
Esterliazy, Prince, his magnificence described by Morris, 271, 272.
fairfax family, attempts of Morris to buy its Virginia domains, 207.
Farragut, David G., compared to generals of Revolution, 45; superior to Rodney or Suffren, 102; from Virginia, 283.
Federalist party, represented by Morris, v., vi.; appropriates its opponent's name, 121, 122 ; character of its leadership, 279, 280; causes for its failure to continue in power, 279, 280; distrusts the people, 280; factions in, 281 ; its position in various States, 282-284 ; loses ground in Now York, 285 ; nominates Adams and Pinckney, 285; defeated because of factions, 285, 280 ; plans to elect Burr over Jefferson, 287 ; passes judiciary act to preserve itself in power, 288; resists its repeal, 290; regards accession of Democrats with terror, 290; its degradation in opposition, 291, 310 ; opposes acquisition of Louisiana, 293; opposes war of 1812, 306; urged by Morris to advocate repudiation of war debt, 30G; and to declare for secession, 308; disunion-ist faction among, 310 ; advised by Morris to dissolve, 315.
Ferdinand, Prince, attempt of Morris to decline his invitation to dinner, 268.
Ferguson, Patrick, defeated at King's Mountain, 38.
Finances of the Revolution, Morris's opinion of, 67; his pamphlet on, 79, 80 ; further essays of Morris on, 86-88; services of Robert Morris, 89; establishment of Department of Finance, 89; services of Gouver-neur Morris as assistant financier,

89-94; establishment of " Bank of North America," 89; report of Gouverneur Morris on coinage, 90-93; introduction of decimal notation, dollars and cents, 90; condition of circulation in 1780, 91; variety of foreign coins, 91; Jefferson's modification of Morris's report, 93, 94 ; collapse under Articles of Confederation, 109, 110. Flahaut, Madame de, her salon visited by Morris, 177 ; her character and ambitions, 177; flattered by Morris's deference, 177 ; plans with him intrigues in interest of throne, 177, 178; consoled by Morris for loss of pensions, 179; appeals to Morris to aid Louis Philippe, 276.
Foreigners, movement in Constitutional Convention to exclude from office, 136.
Fox, C. J., on England's interest in having United States independent of France, 107 ; statement to Morris as to American grain trade, 202. France, its aid in Revolution not indispensable, 42; treaty with, ratified by Congress, 76; opposes conquest of Canada, 77; its policy to prevent United States from being too powerful, 78, 106; its naval struggle with England, 100, 101; its purely self-seeking policy at time of peace negotiations, 105; prefers interests of Spain to those of United States, 106; opposes western expansion, Mississippi navigation, and fisheries, 106; fails to prevent American success, 107; people of, unfitted for self-government, 147, 148, 1G6; Anglomania in, 159; desire to imitate American Constitution, 161; parties in, described by Morris, 164 ; attitude of Morris and Washington toward, 165, 166; preferred by Morris to England, 166, 199; urged by Morris to attack England in order to turn aside revolution, 210 ; mission of Morris to, 219-296; payment of American debts to, 244; success in war with Empire, 24G-24S; asks recall of

324

INDEX

Morris, 254; mission of Monroe to, 255, 261; subservience of Democrats toward, 292; acquires Louisiana, 293 ; war with, advocated by Morris, 293, 294.
Franklin, Benjamin, his place as statesman, 45; his instructions drafted by Morris, 77; his Tory son, 80 ; on peaca commission, 104; reluctantly per&uaded by Jay to disregard instructions, 104; not entitled to credit of treaty, 107; in Constitutional Convention, 115; favors weak central government,
no.
Frederick William II., advice of Morris to, 2G8, 274 ; low opinion of Morris concerning, 2G9.
French character, its frivolity despised by Morris, ICO, 1G2, 1C3; considered diingerous, 102, 1G3.
French Revolution, hostility of Morris to, 147; its natural repugnance to Americans, 147 j its visionary leaders, 147; its good results not easy to foresee, 148 ; its essence a struggle for equality, not liberty, 148, 149 ; part played by nobility in causing, 149, 150; its lack of great leaders, 150 ; influence of American Revolution upon, 161, 165 ; parties in, described, 164, 165 ; progress of, foretold by Morris, 168, 213, 25G ; financial schemes of N"ecker, 174, 191 ; estimates of leaders of, by Morris, 187-194, 257; excesses of mob, 194 ; opening of States General, 195 ; capture of Bastille, 196 ; approaches a crisis, 208; Constitution inefficient, 209, 225; fails to produce statesmen to meet emergency, 209 ; its benefits to the people stated by Morris, 212 ; attempts of Morris to influence court, 216, 217; Morris's relation to as minister, 220, 224; attempts of Morris and others to rescue the king, 221, 222; the 10th of August, 222, 228; description of the mob, 226-228; members of nobility saved by Morris, 228-230; bewilderment of people described by Morris, 230, 231; the Terror, 232-235, 240;

Dumouriez and the Gironde, 233, 235, 236; fall of Lafayette, 237; comparison of Revolutionists with Bourbons, 234, 235 ; war with Germany, Valuiy and Jemappes, 23G-246 ; experiences of Morris during the Terror, 242, 243 ; causes of success of French arms, 24G-248 ; fall of Girondists, 248-250; rule of the Jacobins under Banton, 250-252; atheism and Feast of Reason, 251-253 ; views of Washington and Jefferson concerning, 254; summary of Morris's views concerning, 256-260; does not affect America or England, 260.
gailatin, albert, compared with Hobert Morris, 89.
Gansevoort, Leonard, protests against counting out of Jay, 284.
Garrison, William Lloyd, his disunion movement compared with that of Federalists, 312.
Gates, General Horatio, supplants Schuyler, 62; his inefficient leadership, 63 ; gives Burgoyne easy terms, 63 ; aided by Morris, 64 ; declines aid from Schuyler, 64; Morris's opinion of, 64, 65.
Genet, E. C., his recall the occasion of Morris's, 254.
George III., erroneous ideas concerning, 7 ; his really absolutist character, 7; hatred of United States, 198 ; described by Morris, 266.
Georgia, strength of Tories in, 7; makes slave trade condition of coming into Union, 139.
Gerard, C. A., received by Congress, 77 ; reports conversations with Morris over Franklin's instructions, 77 ; tries to persuade him not to mention Canada in instructions, 78; warns colonists against seeming to encroach on Mississippi valley, 78, 79 ; on France's greater attachment to Spain than to United States, 106.
German troops, aid furnished to England by, 41, 59, 72, 103.
Germans in New York, 8, 9, 18, 29; in other colonies, 10.

INDEX

325

Gibraltar, siege of, 100, 101.
Gillet, 	, ridiculous account of
Morris's visit to, 207.
Gouverneur, Huguenot family, 2; traits inherited by Morris from, 2.
Gower, Lord, interview with Morris on point of leaving Paris, 240 ; tells Morris his honor requires him to go, 240.
Grant, U. S., compared to Revolutionary generals, 45.
Greene, Nathauael, checked by Cru-ger, 38; only real Revolutionary general besides Washington, 45,101; friendship of Morris for, 75, 98; as quartermaster-general, aided by Morris, 75; his career iu South foretold by Morris, 08, 99 ; his campaign in the Caroliuas, 100.
Grenville, Lord, consults with Morris, 2GG; induces him to write in his behalf to Washington, 206 ; letter of Morris to, on Prussian foreign policy, 2G9; said by Lord Sheffield to have been duped by Jay, 285.
Groshlaer, Baron, meets Morris in Vienna, 273, 274.
hamilton, alexander, compared with Morris, v.; his mixed ancestry, 8, 9 ; his place as statesman, 45; in Constitutional Convention, 115; represents extreme centralism, 118 ; fails to trust people, 119 ; proposes representation proportional to freemen, 137; asks Morris to write for" Federalist," 144 ; secures ratification in New York, 144 ; his hostility to Revolution, 219 ; has sharp collision with Morris in case at law, 279; heads faction of Federalists wishing war with France, 281; superior personally to opponents in New York, but deficient in management, 283; alienates Livingstons, 283 ; hopes to bring in Pinck-ney over Adams, as president, 285; urges Jay to nullify result of New York election, 28G; opposes plan to elect Burr president over Jefferson, 287.
Hancock, John, his conduct in Congress damages American cause, GO.

Harper, Robert Goodloe, Federalist leader in South Carolina, 283.
Hartford Convention, expected by Morris to declare for secession, 308 ; controlled by moderates, 309; its ambiguous resolutions, 311.
Hawksbury, Lord, desire of Morris that he may supersede Duke of Leeds, 201.
Henry, Patrick, leads states-rights party in Virginia under Confederation, 111 ; his denunciation of nullification movement in 1798, 282; his opposition to central government compared to Morris's, 314.
Herkimer, Nicholas, German leader at battle of Oriskany, 9.
Holland, takes part in American war, 100, 101.
Howe, General William, welcomed by loyalists on Staten Island, 41; defeats Washington on Long Island, 41.
Huguenots in New York, 2, 8, 29; in New England, 10; religious privileges guaranteed by treaty rights, 16.
Hyder AH, his successes iu India, 100; defeated by Sir Eyre Coote, 101.
impressment, negotiations of Morris with Duke of Leeds concerning, 202 ; British claims later upheld by Morris, 306.
Independence, reluctance of New York to admit its necessity, 24, 28, 33, 35, 37, 40; argument of Morris for, 46-48.
India, war in, between Hyder AH and Sir Eyre Coote, 100, 101.
Irish, slight numbers in New York before Revolution, 9, 29; in New England, 10 ; mostly Presbyterians in New York, 29, note.
Irwin,	, statement of, to Morris
about American trade, 202.
jackson, andrew, hostility of South Carolina to, 283; in war of 1812, 304.
Jackson, "Stonewall," compared to generals of Revolution, 45; from

826

INDEX

Virginia, 283 ; compared with Federalists of 1814, 313. /ay, John, compared with Morris, v.; his ancestry, 9 ; opposes Morris in contested election case, 20; letter of Morris to, on religious article in New York pian of reconciliation, 35 ; advises New York Assembly to drop the article, 36; draws article for Provincial Congress endorsing Declaration of Independence, GO; on committee to draft plan of Constitution, 52; opposes appointment by governor, 55; moves an article requiring abjuration of Pope for citizenship, 56, 57 ; fails to secure emancipation of slaves, 58 ; on committee to organize new government, 58; advises leaving inhabitants of Mohawk valley to defend themselves, 60 ; supports Schuyler, G2 ; prevails on Congress to reinforce Northern army, 64; comments of Morris upon, 65; intimate correspondence with Morris, 67; urges Morris to stop officers of army from jobbing, 70; his attitude toward England, 80; protests against retirement of Morris, 86; letter of Morris to, on loss of leg, 95 ; writes to Morris on luxury, 95; his continued friendship with Morris, 96; advises against educating children in Europe, 97; not cosmopolitan, 97; as Spanish minister claims Mississippi navigation, 98; not influenced by Morris's argument against the West, 98; letters of Morris and Washington to, on readiness to continue war, 102, 103 ; on peace commission, 104; persuades colleagues to disregard instructions, 104; on relations of United States to France, 107; deserves credit for success of treaty, 107; on necessity of national spirit, 109; as secretary for foreign affairs advocates yielding Mississippi navigation, 115 ; connection with " Federalist," 144; aids Hamilton in struggle for ratification of Constitution, 144 ; letter of Morris to, on Russia and Eastern question, 145;

appointed minister to England by Washington, 262; his treaty, 263; superior to Democratic opponents in New York, 283; counted out of governorship in 1792, 284 ; elected, 284 ; unpopular through his treaty, 284; thought by English to have duped Grenville, 285; reflected governor, 285 ; rejects Hamilton's proposal to defeat the will of people, 286; intercourse with Morris in retirement, 296.
Jefferson, Thomas, his place as statesman, 45; approves currency scheme of Morris with modifications, 93; his alterations opposed by Morris, 94; not consistent in holding doctrinaire theories, 114; not in Constitutional Convention, 115; his sound principle of faith In people, 119; as American minister visited by Morris in Paris, 152; his views on equality in France disagreed with by Morris, 153; takes watch to Washington from Morris, 1G9; objects to navy, 254 ; annoyed at Morris's account of Revolution, 254; supplanted by Randolph aa secretary, 254 ; distrusted by Washington, 279; undisputed head of Democratic party, 280; connection with Virginia and Kentucky resolutions, 281; hostility of South Carolina to, 283; elected President, 286; despised as a demagogue and theorist by Morris, 288; does not carry out his theories as President, 291; his foreign policy drives Morris to advocate secession, 300.
Johnson family, its possessions in Mohawk valley, 14; leads Tories, 15, 38 ; exchanges threats with New York Provincial Congress, 33.
Johnston, J. E., compared to generals of Revolution, 45.
Jones, Paul, wishes to continue in American navy, 169; advised by Morris to take service in Russia, 1C9, 170; dissuaded from visiting Paris, 170.
Jones, Samuel, protests against counting out of Jay, 284.
Judiciary bill, passed by Federalist

INDEX

327

as a party measure, its good points
288; defended by Morris on par tisan grounds, 289; repealed bj Democrats, 290; its repeal con sidered by Morris a death-blow to Constitution, 290.
kentucky, nullification movement in 281, 311.
King, Kufus, secures Morris's confirmation by Senate as minister to France, 219; Federalist leader in New York, 283 ; ignores Morris's advice to oppose in Senate supplies during war of 1812, 307.
King's College, studies of Morris at, 3, 19; controlled in Tory interest by Episcopalians, 16 ; graduation of Morris from, 19.
lafayette, marquis de, his motives in aiding America, 74 ; his popularity in America., 74, 75 ; meets Morris in Paris, 152, 153; considered too theoretical by Morris, 153, 154 ; objects to Morris's criticisms, 150; admits people are mad but is " willing to die with them," 156; sarcastic comment of Morris upon, 156; makes electioneering trip in Auvergne, 159; his ability estimated by Morris, 192 ; advised by Morris against joining Mirabeau's ministry, 193, 194 ; counseled by Morris to uphold the throne against Assembly, 208, 209 ; unable to follow advice, 209; his remark about his troops, 210 ; urged by Morris to seek a war with England, 210, 211; willing to help Louis XVI. escape, 221 ; urged by Morris to take instant action, 22G ; realizes truth of Morris's predictions, 237 ; his fall, 237 ; imprisoned by allied monarches, 237 ; contemptuous opinion of Morris concerning, 237,238 ; tries to secure his release as an American citizen, 238 ; efforts of Morris and Washington in behalf of, 238 ; receives money from Morris, 238 ; efforts of Morris to secure his liberation, 273,275 ; released in 1797, 276.
Lafayette, Madame de, more hostile than her huabaud to Morris, Ms

comments, 157; increasing coldness of, 208; furnislied with money by Morris, 238; saved from prison by Morris, 239 ; her gratitude, 239 ; imprisoned with her husband, 275.
Lecky, W. E. H., exaggerates exhaustion of America at end of war, 102 ; exaggerates aid received from France and neglects English aid from Germans and Tories, 103.
Lee, Robert E., compared with Revolutionary generals, 45 ; from Virginia, 283; compared with Federalists of 1814, 313.
Leeds, Duke of, evades answering Morris, 201; remark of Morris to, 202; not influenced by Luzerne against Morris, 205.
Legislature of New York, demands liberty as a right in 17G4, 6; carried by loyalists in 17GS,18, 19, 28 ; disregarded by people, 19, 29 ; considers bill to issue paper money, 20 ; adjourns, 29 ; Assembly replaced by revolutionary bodies, 29; election of Provincial Congress, 30, 31; refuses to commit itself to support Continental Congress, 31; takes reluctant-steps toward resistance, 31 ; at Morris's recommendation requests Congress to issue paper money, 33 ; exchanges threats with Tories, 33; called timid by Burke, 33 ; opened by ministers of different sects in rotation, 33; adopts plan of reconciliation, 34 ; protests against Quebec Act, 35; led by Morris to refer plan of reconciliation to Continental Congress, 36; discourages rioting, 37 ; welcomes both "Washington and Tryon, 37, 38 ; denounces proposed invasion of Canada, 39; issues paper money, 39; dissolved, 40; continues weak, 40 ; led by Morris to ratify Declaration of Independence, 41, 51; driven from New York, 41, 46; changes name to Convention, 51; its checkered career, 51 ; petitions Congress to remove royalist prayers from Prayer Book, 52 ; appoints committee to draft Constitution, establish state fund, and watch Tories, 52; considers

328

INDEX

and adopts Constitution, 53, 54 ; debate in, over executive power, 54, 55 ; over appointment and veto, 55, 56; establishes religious toleration, 56-58; rejects proposal to abolish slavery, 58; appoints committees to organize government, 58, 5S); its action described by Morris, 65; elects Morris delegate to Congress, 66 ; refuses to reelect him on ground of his alleged neglect of state interests, 85.
Lincoln, Abraham, compared with Washington, 44, 115; combines the best of Federalist and Jeffersonian principles, 119, 120.
Livingston family, member of landed aristocracy, 12; also in merchant class, 13; supported by Presbyterians and Calvinists, 13 ; in Provincial Congress, 29; alienated from Federalists by Hamilton, 283; aids Jefferson to carry New York, 286.
Livingston, Robert R., his mixed ancestry, 9; on committee to draft plan of Constitution, 52 ; oh committee to organize new government, 58; satirical comments of Morris on, 65; letter of Jay to, on foreign policy, 107; in suit with Morris, 279; quarrels with Hamilton and joins Democrats, 284; letter of Morris to, on judiciary act, 289.
Llandaff, Bishop of, entertains Morris, 265; Morris's high opinion of, 205.
£ouis XV., his reign compared to Revolution, 234, 235.
Louis XVI., Morris's opinion of, 187, 188, 194; calls upon Morris for advice, 217 ; his situation, 217 ; plan of Morris to aid his escape, 221; ruins it by his weakness, 221; asks Morris to take charge of royal papers and money, 221; Morris's contempt for, 223, 227; address drawn up by Morris for* 225; made by mob to put on rod cap, 22(5; flies to National Assembly, 228 ; his death, 249.
Louis XVIII., contempt of Morris for, 267.
Louis Philippe, acquaintance of Mor-

ris with, 180; flies from France with Dumouriez, 276; helped by Morris with money and credit, 276 ; subsequent mean conduct toward Morris, 277.
Louisiana, negotiations for, 293; its seizure advocated by Morris, 293, 294 ; sold by Napoleon, 294.
Lowell, John, disunionist in 1814, 310.
Luzerne, M. de la, confided in by Morris, 205; betrays fact to English ministry, 205 ; does not influence it, 205; compliments Morris on his ability to predict, 256.
macdowali,, general alexander, his ancestry, 9.
McClellan, Gen. George B., his conduct compared with that of Philip Schuyler, 64.
Madison, James, in Constitutional Convention, 115 ; does his best work in it, 120; later overshadowed by Jefferson, 120; bis activity in Convention, 120; protests against Morris's cynical view of human nature, 121; wishes to give Congress a veto on state legislation, 126 ; advocates a freehold suffrage, 130; reports Morris's speech on aristocracy in Senate, 132; points out need of compromise between free and slave States, 140 ; praises Morris's genius and candor, 143 ; connection with "Federalist," 144; distrusted by Washington, 279; his administration disgusts Morris, 300 ; his character and helplessness fl.s president, 303; his advocacy of disunion compared with Morris's, 314.
Manorial system, in New York, 12, 13.
Marmontel, Jean Fraiigois, praised by Morris, 214.
Marie Antoinette, sympathy of Morris for, 195; asks Morris's counsel, 217; plan of Morris to aid her escape, 221; disapproved of by Morris, 223 ; her death, 250.
Marshall, John, unable to keep Virginia Federalist after Washington's death, 282; member of Adam«'n faction, 285.

INDEX

329

Maryland, part played by its Catholii gentry in Revolution, 34; make bargain concerning slave trade in Constitutional convention, 139. Mason, George, denounces slavery in Federal convention, 138.
Massachusetts, its Revolutionary lead ers compared to those of New York, 14; revolt in, 110; disunion movement in, 310.
Maury, Abbe", estimate of, by Morris, 215, 216.
Merchants, of New York, 13, 14.
Militia, its worthless character in Revolutionary war, 43 ; inferior to troops of Rebellion, 44; abandons army on eve of battle, 60, 61; its use by Greene in southern campaign, 98, 90 ; proves worthless in war of 1812, 304.
Mirabeau, Comte de, advocates passage of Necker's loan scheme in order to ruin him, 174; disgust of Morris for, 193; not fairly estimated, 193, 194.
Mississippi navigation, demand of Americans for, opposed by Gerard, 79; willingness of Morris to abandon, 79; attitude of Spain toward, 97, 98 ; attempts of Morris to shake Jay's determination to retain, 98; Jay's yielding to Spanish claims, 115; renewed demand for, causes Louisiana purchase, 292-294.
Monciel,	, plans with Morris the
escape of king, 221; receives royal money from Morris, 222.
Monroe, James, his ability as diplomat, 255, 261; his career in Paris as revolutionary sympathizer, 261; recalled and rebuked by Washington, 261.
Montagu, Marquise de, urges Morris to help Lafayette, 275.
Montcalm, Marquis de, defeats Aber-crombie, 3.
Montesquieu, Baron, meetings with Morris, 177, 178.
Montgomery, Richard, Irish leader against Quebec, 9 ; welcomes Washington in behalf of New York Assembly, 38.
Montmorin, Comte de, described by

Morris, 189;   continually  consults Morris, 217. Moreau, General   of French armieb,
272 ; entertained by Morris, 297. Morgan, Daniel, in campaign against
Burgoyne, 63.
Morris family, origin, 1, 2; leads popular party in New York, 2; its eccentricity, 2 ; part of landed aristocracy, 12.
Morris, Gouverneur, birth, 1; aristocratic ancestry, 1,2; inherits French traits, 2 ; fond of sport, 2 ; goes to school in New Rochelle, 2; studies at King's College, 3, 18 ; delivers commonplace Commencement orations, 19 ; studies law, 19, 20 ; early career at bar, '20 ; attacks proposed issue of paper money, 20, 21; desires foreign travel, 21, 22 ; his reasons, 22 ; dissuaded by William Smith, 22, 23; career as society man, 23; dislikes revolutionary attitude of " Sons of Liberty," 26 ; considers New York gentry to be in dilemma between English tyranny and democratic encroachment, 27 ; thinks union with England necessary, and proposes remedies, 27, 28; finally driven to join patriot party, 28. In New York Provincial Congress, Elected delegate from West-chester county, 30 ; seconds motion to obey Continental Congress, 31 ; reports recommendation that Congress issue paper money, 32 ; marks himself a leader, 33; dissatisfied with proposed plan of reconciliation, 34; opposes article denouncing Quebec Acts, 35; in disgust writes letter to Jay and Livingston, 35, 36; succeeds by parliamentary ability in inducing Congress to leave the matter to Continental Congress, 36 ; opposes premature hostilities, 37; delegate to receive Washington, 38; denounces proposed invasion of Canada, 39 ; begins to think reconciliation hopeless, 39 ; leads bolder faction in Assembly, 40, 46 ; difficulties of his position, 42; advocates formation of a new government, 46; his argument

330

INDEX

in favor of independence, 46-50; on hopelessness of securing England's protection and good faith, 47; on actual independence, 48; on necessity of colonial union, 49; sent to Congress to complain of over-payment of New England troops, 51 ; on committees of state convention, 52; chairman of committee to repress Tories, 52 ; drafts memorial to Congress to suppress mention of loyalty in Episcopal services, 52; painful relations to Tory relatives, 53 ; avows determination to resist to uttermost, 53 ; with Jay leads debate on Constitution, 54; not afraid of a single executive, 54 ; wishes to grant governor power of appointment and veto, 55; moves proviso against danger from religious liberty, 57; defeated in attempt to secure abolition of slavery, 58 ; on committee to organize government, 58; on Council of Safety, 59 ; visits Schuy-ler's headquarters, 59 ; not discouraged at Burgoyne's advance, 61; suggests guerilla warfare, 61, 65; despises militia, 61 ; sends sharp reply to Council of Safety, 62; tries to prevent replacement of Schuyler by Gates, 62; prevails on Congress to reinforce Gates, 64; praises Schuyler for his patriotic attitude, 64; describes occupations of himself and colleagues, 65. In Continental Congress. Elected delegate to Congress, 66 ; on committee to inspect army at Valley Forge, 66; describes situation to Jay, 67 ; urges Jay to provide taxes,
67	; despises Revolutionary finance,
68	; tries to secure approval of Con
gress for  Washington's plans, 68 ;
urges half-pay scheme for officers,
69	; gains partial  success, 69;   ex
poses commissary frauds, 70 ; friend
and defender   of Washington,  72;
confidential    correspondence   with
Washington, 72-74 ; complained to,
by Washington, of foreign  officers,
74;   aids Greene, 75; investigates
finances, 75; reports, as chairman

of committee, against accepting North's conciliatory bills, 76 ; writes address to people explaining French alliance, 76, 77 ; writes for Congress
^u Observations on the American Revolution," 77 ; on committee to receive Gerard, 77; drafts instructions to Franklin and shows them to Gerard, 77 ; in reply to Gerard avows readiness to abandon Mississippi navigation, 79 ; dreads Western growth as danger to East, 79; sends "Observations on Finances of America " to be laid before French court, 79, 80; does not wish destruction of England, 80 ; suspected by extreme patriot party because of Tory relatives, 80, 81; defends Deane against Paine, 81; has Paine removed from secretaryship of foreign committee and scores him in debate, 81; chairman of leading military committees, 82; has to practice law to add to his salary, 82; draws instructions to foreign ministers, 82; opposes seeking many foreign treaties, 83 ; indifferent to New York claims in Vermont affair, 84 ; tells Clinton of inability of Congress to settle matter, 84; advises decisive measures, 84, 85; defeated for reelection on ground of neglect of state interests, 85.
Financier. Lives in Philadelphia, 86; enjoys society, 86, 94; writes essays on finances, 86-94 ; discusses money and " relief " laws, 87 ; proposes taxation, 88 ; says that union depends on revenue, 88; predicts disaster after peace, 88 ; appointed assistant financier by Robert Morris, 89; aids in establishment of Bank of North America, 89; submits report on coinage to Congress, 90; suggests decimal system, 90 ; shows necessity of a good coinage, 91-93; his system later modified and adopted by Jefferson, 93; opposes any entirely new system, 94 ; loses his leg through an accident, 95; his cheerful comments, 95 ; replies to Jay's remarks on luxury, 96 ; his relations with Jay, 96, 97 ; advises

INDEX

331

Jay not to insist with Spain on Mississippi navigation, 98 ; predicts success of Greene's campaign, 98, 99; on use of militia, 99; on invasion of Virginia, 99 ; prefers war to an unsatisfactory peace, 102,103; denounces instructions of Congress to peace commissioners, 104; appointed commissioner to treat for exchange of prisoners, 108; his conversation with Dalrymple, 108; letter to Jay on relations with England and lack of national spirit, 109,110; proposes to consolidate public debt and make it a charge on United States, 111, 112; accused of corruption by states-rights men, 112; called a monarchist, 112; not a blind advocate of democracy, 112 ; consistently favors a strong government, 113. In Federal Convention. Delegate from Pennsylvania, 115 ; plays prominent part in proceedings, 120; fails of first rank owing to cynicism regarding mankind, 121; his tendencies protested against by Madison, 121; favors class representation, 121; at his best in national attitude, 121,122 ; wishes representation without regard to state rights, 123; calls state attachments the bane of the country, 123 ; his bitter language toward states-rights men, 124 ; advocates supremacy of Congress over States, 125, 126; wishes to guard against future supremacy of West, 126-128; folly of his attitude, 126, 127 ; fails to influence convention, 128 ; predicts West will force country into war, 128 ; wishes freehold suffrage, 129, 130; wishes to make Senate aristocratic, 131; and let House control it, 131, 132 ; hopes in this way to prevent democracy or oligarchy, 132; wishes property qualifications in Senate's electorate, 132 ; wishes President's term during good behavior, 133; favors veto, impeachment, and appointing power, 133 ; opposes election of President by legislature, 133; considers him as properly representing the people, 133, 134;

advocates strong judiciary, 134; suggests councils of revision and executive council, 135; on powers of Congress, 135; wishes power to regulate commerce, 135; attacks plan of allowing representation to slaves, 137; condemns slavery in general, 138; at one time prefers disunion to southern claims, 140; agrees to three-fifths compromise, 141; praised by Madison for his willingness to compromise, 143; describes opposition in Pennsylvania to Constitution, 144 ; returns to New York, 144; prospers in business with Robert Morris, 145; favors amnesty to Tories, 145 ; goes to Paris on business, 146.
Observer of French Revolution. His diary in Paris, 146; its insight and shrewdness, 146, 147; opposes French Re volution, 147; understands composition of popular party, 147; does not foresee good results, 148; on real aim of revolution to secure equality, not liberty, 148, 149; loses favor as being too conservative for French radicals, 149; not a partisan of old nobility or of Bourbons, 150 ; prefers despotism to anarchy, 151; his introduction to, and success in, French society, 152 ; differs from Jefferson, 152, 153 ; disagrees with Lafayette's theoretical republicanism, 153; suggests modifications of Declaration of Rights, 154; suspects some nobles of demagogy, 154 ; describes bis criticism of a sentimental humanitarian, 154, 155; bored by incessant political discussions, 155; loves France and preaches moderation, 156; condemned by Lafayette for opposing republicans, 156; his tart reply, 156; relations with Comtesse de Tess6, 157; position among French statesmen, 158; describes restlessness and Anglomania, 158,159 ; foretells success of republicans, 159; despises French character, 159, 160; on impractical nature of French constitution-makers, ICO; on their lack of experience, 161; describe*

332

INDEX

influence of America, 161; says French need to be governed, 162; on indescribable corruption of society, 162,163; on fatal inconsistency, 163; describes to Washington the situation, 164; on French parliamentary methods, 165; wishes success to revolution at first, 165; later prefers a monarchy, 166; a true republican and American, 167 ; his attitude toward Europeans, 167; defends and explains America, 167, 163; forecasts effect of revolution on France, 168; sends a watch to Washington, 169; assists Houdon in making statue of Washington, 169; advises Paul Jones to take service in Russia, 169; dissuades him from coming to Paris, 170; unaffected by salon life of Paris, 171 ; eees vapidity of society, 172; describes its brilliancy, 173; contempt for Madame de Stacl, 173 ; describes her inability to appreciate Mira-beau's treatment of Necker, 174; describes her attempts to draw him out, 175; contemptuous reference to Narbonne, 175; describes attempts of Madame de Stael tit flirtation, 176, 177; let into state secrets by Madame de Flahaut, 177; draws up with her a project for a constitution, 177; describes her attempts at political intrigue, 178 ; on manners of French Indies, 178{ tries to help his friends among nobility during revolution, 180; dealings with Duchess of Orleans and Louis Philippe, 180, 181; resents patronage, 181; describes life at Raincy with the Duchess, 182, 183 ; describes sarcastically a dinner, 185-187; his dry humor, 187 ; keen estimates of people, 187 ; despises Louis XVI., for weakness, 187, 188 ; oil Comte d'Artois, 188; on Comtc de Montmorin, 189; understands merits and weakliest* of Necker, 190 ; dislikes Talleyrand, 192; just estimate of Lafayette, 192; considers Mirabeau an unprincipled scoundrel, 193; makes mistake in advising Lafayette agaiust working with

Mirabeau, 193, 194; disgusted at murders, 194; describes reception of king and queen by states-general, 195; feels pity for queen, 195; on storming of Bastille, and refusal of Versailles to believe it, 196. Mission to England. Appointed private agent of Washington to English government, 197; his instructions to sound ministry, 197 ; ready to resent English insults, 199; English view of his social position, 199 ; finds English society uncongenial,
199	; his comments on its stiffness,
199,200; expects ease in negotiations,
200	; balked by evasions of Duke of
Leeds, 201; concludes that England
intends to drive a hard bargain with
United States, 201; on English pur
pose to shut out American trade,
202;  demands an answer, 202; his
ironical  remark  on  impressment,
202; unable to agree with Leeds,
202, 203 ; uses plain language in in
terview with Pitt, 203; denies any
English favors, 203; explains that
it is not worth while to try to make
a treaty in England's present mood,
204; wishes to wait until England
is involved in war,   204;   fails to
gain anything by negotiation, 205;
accused   unjustly  of   having  pre
vented success by haughtiness, 205 ;
commits indiscretion in confiding in
Luzerne, French minister, 205.
Return to Paris. Makes voyage on Rhine, 205; his comments, 206; business trips to England, 206; describes suit against farmers-general of France, 206, 207; loses in delivery of flour to Necker, 207 ; engages in speculation in American land claims, 207 ; and in American securities, 207, 208; coolly received by Lafayette, 208 ; advises support of the crown, 208, 209; urges France to unify sentiment by a foreign war, 210, 211 ; describes chaos in France to Washington, 211-213; sees sundry advantages under it, 212; resumes friendship with Duchess of Orleans, 213, 214; laughs at Madame de Stall's and Sieyes's vanity.

INDEX

333

214; praises Murmontel, 214; meets Tarleton, 214; describes politics in the theatre, 215; bitter comments on priesthood, 215, 216 ; his counsel repeatedly asked by court, 216, 217 ; relations with Montmorin, 217 ; his advice too bold to be adopted, 217; on American economic independence, 218.
Minister to France. Appointed minister to France, 219 ; opposition in Senate to his appointment, 219; warned by Washington to show discretion, 219, 220; his impartial policy, 220; but already involved in plan to get king out of Paris, 221 ; asked by king to take charge of royal papers, 221 ; receives royal money and uses it in bribery, 222 ; reports his expenditure in 17%, 222; undiplomatic character of his conduct, 222 ; offers help, although despising royal family, 223; boldness of his attitude toward republic, 223; learns caution, 223 ; hastens American payments, 223 ; protests against French spoliation of neutral commerce, 223 ; the only foreign minister in Paris, 224; his coolness in danger, 224; informs minister of foreign affairs of intention to meddle no more in politics, 224; predicts collapse of Constitution of 1791,
225,	226; describes terror of court,
226 ; his horror of the Parisian mob,
226,	227; contempt for the king and
court, 227, 228;   tries to  shelter
fugitives during  August, 228, 229;
ceases writing diary or letters, 230 ;
foresees necessity of despotism, 230,
231;  says without   reformation of
morals liberty is nothing, 231; com-
hattveuess roused  under    danger,
232;   meets Dumouriez, 235, 236;
comments   on republican  society,
235; on fickleness of crowd,  237 ;
has last encounter with Lafayette,
237;   contemptuous   reference   to
Lafayette's fall, 238; sends money
to Lafayette in prison and aids his
wife, 238, 239; on Duke of Orleans,
239; takes leave of British ambas
sador, 240 ; amused at his excite-

ment, 240; rejects advice to leave France, 241; resents insults of French foreign minister and demands passports, 241; forces an apology, 241; incidents illustrating his personal danger, 242, 243; his efforts to secure repeal of obnoxious decrees, 243 ; and to save individual Americans, 243; occasional ill-success, 243 ; decides on payment of American debt to revolutionary government, 244; declines to enter into speculations of French government in San Domingo, 245; rejoices at overthrow of his enemies, 245, 246; remonstrates against attacks of French privateers, 246; misunderstands military situation, 246; on Brunswick's manifesto, 247; predicts overthrow of Girondists and others until a despot comes, 248 ; on impotence of nominal leaders to control mob, 250 ; refuses to rescue Paine, 251; considers military events of secondary importance to internal opinion, 251; describes "Feast of Reason," 252 ; on religious situation, 252, 253 ; wishes United States to be ready to resent European attacks, 253; advises creating a navy, 253 ; relieved at Randolph's succession to Jefferson's position, 254; his recall requested, 254; disliked by revolutionary authorities, 254; his conduct approved by Washington, 255; displeased at being recalled, 255; his own opinion of his ministry, 255 ; his services to America, 255, 25G ; accuracy of his predictions regarding France, 256 ; and of his judgments of men, 257, 258; does justice to France's patriotism against outside attack, 258 ; justice of his position, 259; does not appreciate consequences of revolution for Europe, 259. A Private Citizen in Europe. Forced by business to remain in Europe, 263; hia journeys, 263; welcomed by anti-revolutionists and emigre's, 263; decreasing justice of his observations, 264; not competent to judge Napoleon's miV

334

INDEX

itary ability, 264; visits Madame de Stael at Coppot, 264; on Swiss eordidness, 265; visits Great Britain, 265; dealings with nobility and with ministry, 265, 266; consulted by Grenville and Pitt, 266 ; writes to Washington in behalf of English policy, 266; at court, 266; disgusted with French refugees, 267 ; visits the Continent, 267; well received in Berlin, 267 ; not impressed by royalty, 268; tries to refuse a royal invitation, 268; relates conversations with Prussian king, 268 ; condemns to Grenville Prussia's foreign policy, 269; visits Dresden, 269, 270 ; meets diplomatists in Vienna, 270; bored by social devotion to gambling, 270 ; considers Austria on the decline, 270, 271; describes court levees, 272 ; friendly relations with English, 272, 273 ; laughs at English fondness for uniforms, 273 ; discusses diplomatic situation with King of Prussia, 274 ; visits Brunswick, 275 ; meets General Kiedesel, 275 ; makes friends elsewhere, 275 ; interested in Rumford's reforms in Bavaria, 275; vainly tries to get Lafayette released, 275, 276; appealed to by Lafayette's family and friends, 275; helps Louis Philippe at Madame de Flahaut's request, 276; resents Louis's subsequent meanness about repaying loans, 277 ; returns to United States, 277. In United States Senate. Becomes member of Federalist party, 278; builds mansion at Horrisania, 278; engages in suit as counsel against Hamilton, 278, 279; chosen to fill unexpired term in Senate, 285; favors Hamilton rather than Adams, 285; begs Washington to accept a nomination, 285; disapproves of plan to elect Burr over Jefferson in 1800, 287; describes desolation of Washington in 1800, 287; not a strict party man, 287, 288; despises Jefferson, 288 ; favors judiciary bill for partisan reasons, 2C9; opposes its repeal as unconstitutional, 290; comments on in-

consistency of Democrats, 291; advocates states'-rights doctrines, 291; opposes constitutional amendment regarding election of President, 292 ,• separates from party in advocating Louisiana purchase, 293 ; thinks its retention by France would cause war, 293 ; advocates seizing territory and defying Napoleon, 293; his reasons, 293, 294 ; approves the purchase, 294; not reflected to Ben-ate, 295.
In Retirement, Originates plan of Erie Canal, 295; chairman of canal commissioners, 295; travels in New York and elsewhere, 295; habits of life at home, 295; friendship with Jay, 296 ; marriage, 296; warns a friend against sending son to college too early, 296, 297; visited by Moreau, 297 ; thinks American climate superior to English, 297, 298; high expectations of future American development, 298; takes optimistic view of popular government in America, 298, 299; on republican government, 299; on ultra-democracy, 299, 300; later loses faith in the country, 300 ; feels renewed jealousy of the West, 300, 301; bitter against Democratic government, 302; advocates secession, 302; defends British claim to impressment, 306; and rejoices over British successes, 306; wishes to repudiate war debt, 306, 307; wishes to impede war taxation, 307 ; derides fidelity to Union, 307 ; urges Federalists to declare publicly against it, 308; wishes New York to join New England in a confederation, 308; disappointed in result of Hartford Convention, 308, 309; impossibility of defending hiscouree, 309; proves himself inferior to the mob he despised, 309; accommodates himself after Peace of Ghent, 315; henceforward wishes country well, 315; disapproves of tariff of 1816, 315; wishes Federalists to abandon party organization, 315, 316; death, 316; estimate of his character and services, 316, 317.

INDEX

335

Characteristics. General estimates, v., vi., 316-317 ; ambition, 20, 21; brilliancy, 120, 143, 203, 316; conservatism, 149, 153, 156, 161, 259; courage, 28, 53, 199, 220, 224, 230, 232, 240, 241-243, 310; cynicism, 121; diplomatic ability, 224, 255, 256 ; erratic traits, 94, 310; formality, 296 ; frankness, 143, 223, 269, 289, 316; impatience, 34, 84, 156, 298; keenness of observation, 146, 152, 171; kindness, 229, 238, 239, 276; legal ability, 21, 22 ; literary style, 19, 123, 143; military insight, lack of, 204 ; morals, 22, 23 ; nature, love of, 206; optimism, 66, 95, 315; parliamentary ability, 19, 36, 72; personal appearance, 316; political foresight, 61, 88, 121, 256, 317 j sarcasm, 23, 62, 65, 73, 152, 168, 287 j self-conflaence, 20, 21, 22, 94, 127, 167, 268; sharpness of tongue, 81, 159, 220, 277, 279 ; society, liking for, 23, 86, 94, 152, 177, 206, 316; travel, love of, 21, 23, 206,263.
Political Opinions. Americanism, 26, 28, 33, 85, 123, 167, 267 ; American character, 298; aristocracy, 26, 121, 131; Austrian society, 270, 271; coinage, 90-94 ; colonial union, 31, 32, 36, 88, 109; Constitution of New York, 54-58; Constitution of United States, 121-143, 290, 307; Congress, Continental, 73, 84; Democracy, 26, 27, 49, 112, 130, 156, 299, 309; Democratic party, 291, 298, 302, 307 ; disunion, 300, 302, 307-309; Eastern question, 145 ; embargo, 302; England, 80, 108, 147, 201-204, 253, 266, 280; English Constitution, 27 ; English society, 199, 200, 206, 273 ; equality, 168; Erie Canal, 295 ; executive, powers of, 55, 50, 133, 161; Federalist party, 288, 306, 315; finances, 79, 86; foreign alliances, 83; form of government in relation to people, 112, 113, 151, 249, 299 ; France, 149, 166, 241, 243, 244, 293; French character, 147, 151, 155, 100, 102, 103, 210, 220, 230, 237, 238,249, 258 ; French nobility, 149, 150, 223, 228,

267; French priesthood, 215, 216, 251; French republicanism, 147, 153, 155, 160, 161, 165, 227; French Revolution, 147, 148, 149, 159, 163,
104,	105, 168, 208, 200, 211-213, 217,
221-226, 228, 230-232, 241, 246, 248,
252, 256-200;  French Revolution,
leaders of, 174, 187-195, 211, 214,
227, 233, 235, 236, 245, 257 ; French
society, 158, 172-187, 207, 213, 215;
half-pay scheme,   268, 269; Hart
ford  Convention,   308;   independ
ence of colonies, 39, 40, 47-50, 76;
Jefferson's election, 287, 292 ; judi
ciary, 134; Judiciary Bill, 289, 290;
legislative power, 135; Louisiana,
293, 294;   militia, 99 ;   Mississippi
navigation, 77, 78; natural rights,
28; navy,   258;  origin   of govern
ment, 27, 28,151; paper money, 20,
32,   87;   Prussian   character, 269;
religious liberty, 35, 57;   Revolu
tion,  causes of, 26, 46, 77; Scot
land, 265; Senate, 131; slavery, 58,
136-138, 140, 141;  States General,
105,	195,  212;  states' rights,  123,
124; strong   government, 49, 110,
111, 121, 125; suffrage, 129; tariff,
315; taxation, 87, 88; Tories, 53,
145; treaty of peace, 82,104; Ver
mont controversy, 84, 85; war of
1812, 306, 307; West, the, 79, 126-
128, 293, 300, 307.
Morris, Robert, his services in Revolution, 89; as secretary of financo appoints Gouverneur Morris assistant, 89; in Constitutional Convention, 115; engages in business with. Gouverneur Morris, 145.
Morris, Staats Long, brother of Gouverneur, his career in British army, 13; marries Duchess of Gordon, 13; sells estate to his brother, 144.
Municipal government in United States, at its worst better than Bourbon monarchy, 189.
nadaillac, madame de, visit of Morris to her salon, 216.
Narbonne, M. de, lover of Madame de Stael, low opinion of Morris concerning, 175, 176.
Navy, advocated iui necessary by Mof

336

INDEX

ris, 253, 254; opposed by Democrats, 254, 303; wins only successes of war of 1812, 304.
Necker, Jacques, vanity of Madame de Stael concerning, 173; his scheme for a loan condemned by Morris, admired by his daughter, 174; his slight ability, 189 ; described justly by Morris, 190, 191; contracts with Morris for flour, 207.
Nelson, Admiral, superior to Rodney and Suffren, 102.
New England, untrustworthmess of its militia, GO, 61; its delegates in Congress oppose Schuyler, 62; and oppose half pay and bounty scheme, 69; profits from slave trade, 139, 140; stronghold of Federalism, 281; jealous of the West, 300; disunion movement in, 310 ; dissatisfied with Jefferson's and Madison's administrations, 302, 303; tries to keep its militia independent, 310; compared with Southern States in 1860, 311.
New Englandera in New York_t 9, 10.
New York, its population in 1752, 1 ; Its landed aristocracy, 1, 2; its part in French and Indian war, 3; loyalty in, 6; mixed population of, 7-12; religious sects in, 8, 11; assimilation of peoples in, 11, 12; aristocratic families in, 12, 13 ; merchant class, 13; leaders in Revolution, 14; its economic rank in colonies, 14; lower classes in, 15; hostility between classes, 15; and between religious sects, 15, 16; origin of Tories in, 16, 17; three political parties in, 17, 18; election of 1768 in, 18; paper money craze in, 20; Revolution a struggle of classes in, 26 ; disturbances of Sons of Liberty, 26; sympathizes with Boston, 30; unwilling to pay any taxes whatever, 32,; divided sentiment of, in 1776, 37, 38, 39 ; anarchy in, during Revolution, 42; constitution of, adopted, its character, 54-58; elects Clinton governor, 59; invaded by Burgoyne, 59 ; attempts at defense of, 59, 60; its delegates to Con-greas support half-pay scheme, 69;

has quarrel with Vermont ovet jurisdiction, 83; urged by Morris to settle mutter, 84, 85 ; Hamilton's and Jay's struggle in, over ratification of Constitution, 144; Federalist party in, 283 ; Democratic leaders of, 284 ; counts out Jay in 1792_t 284 ; elects Jay governor, 284, 285 ; elects Morris to Senate, 285; the decisive State in presidential election, 286; carried by Democrats, 286; proposal of Hamilton to defeat the result of election, 286; refuses to reelect Morris, 295.
New York city, its appearance in 1752, 1; social life in, 23 ; riots in, 37, 39; entered by Continental troops, 40 ; abandoned by peaceful citizens, 41; captured by Howe, 41.
Nobility of France, contempt of Morris for, 149, 184; responsibility for Revolution, 149, 150, 228; opinion of Morris on their fall, 228.
North, Lord, sends conciliatory propositions to America, 85.
North Carolina, its reluctance to ratify Constitution, 143.
okiskany, battle at, 9, 61.
Orleans, Bishop of, Morris's opinion of, 215.
Orleans, Duchess of, meets Morris, 180; his friendship with, 180, 181; wishes Morris to befriend her son, 180; his opinion and description of, 180, 181 ; Morris becomes confidant of, 182 ; a day at Raincy described, 182, 183; considers herself ruined by reduction of income, 213; describes her conjugal unhappiness to Morris, 213, 214; her son helped by Morris for her sake, 276.
Orleans, Duke of, opinion of Morris concerning, 180, 181; his conduct to his wife described by Morris, 181, 182, 214 ; thoroughly distrusted by Morris, 239 ; his death, 250.
Otis, Harrison Gray, advocates secession during war of 1812, 307; let-tera of Morris to, 308.
paine, thomas, attacks Deane bitterly, 81; severely rebuked by Mor-

INDEX

337

rls, 81; h!s career in France, 251 ; imprisoned by Jacobins, 251; asks Morris to demand his release as an American citizen, 251; refusal of Morris to aid, 251; his character, 251.
Paper money, proposal to issue, in New York, 20 ; argument of Morris against, 20, 21; recommended by Morris in 1775, 32.
Paris, society in before the Revolution, 152, 153,155, 157, 158,159, 171-187, 213-215; its depravity, 162, 183, 216; coarseness, 178,183; frivolity, 184; appearance during the Terror, 235.
Party government, Washington's mistake in not adopting, 261, 262.
Peun family, attempt of Morris to buy its Pennsylvania domains, 207.
Pennsylvania, ratifies Constitution, 144; elements of anti-Federal party in, 144; degradation of politics in, 281; separatist movement in, 311.
Petion, anecdote of Morris concerning, 237.
Philadelphia, society in, 87, 94, 95, 96.
Phillips family, part of New York landed aristocracy, 12.
Pickering, Timothy, opposes raising taxes for war of 1812, 307; letter of Morris to, on secession, 308; an avowed disuniouist, 310.
Pinckney, Charles C., in Constitutional Convention, 115; favors strong central government, 125; bis influence in South Carolina, 283 ; desire of Federalists to elect him President over Adams, 285; with characteristic disinterestedness he refuses to permit it, 286.
Pitt, William, indifferent to America, 202; fruitless interview of Morris with, on American trade, 203, 204; bold language of Morris to, 203, 204; not influenced by Luzerne, 205; consults with and entertains Morris, 26G.
Pontiac, conspiracy of, 4.
Presbyterians in New York, 8; gain ground at expense of Dutch Reformed, 11; comprise large part of

lower classes, 15; harassed by Episcopalians, 15; democratic in tendency, 16; their churches plundered by British, 17.
r^ville, his acting admired by Morris, 215.
Priesthood, French, contempt of Morris for, 215, 216.
Prussian character, as described by Morris, 269.
Puritans, their hatred of Quakers, 7.
quakers, naturally Tories, 26. Quebec   Act,   protested   against  by
New York   Congress on  religious
grounds, 35. Quincy, Josiah,  letter of Morris to,
advocating repudiation of war debt,
307; an avowed disunionist, 310.
randolph, anne cary, marries Morris, 296.
Rawdon, Lord, his generalship, 101.
Rebellion, war of, its leaders compared with those of Revolution, 44, 45.
Religious liberty, in New York col-ony_t 15, 16; movement toward, in Provincial Congress, 33; Catholics excluded from, 34, 35; established by New York Convention, 56-58; its absence in England and France, 56; proviso connected with, by Morris, 57, 58.
Religious sects in New York, 8, 11, 12, 14, 15-17.
Republicanism in France before the Revolution, described by Morris, 153-155, 156, 157, 160, 161.
Revolution, American, the question at issue in, 4, 5, 24-26, 44; social struggle involved in, 26; calls for statesmen, not generals, 44_t 45; statesmen of, superior to those of Rebellion, 45 ; generals of, inferior to those of 1861, 45; effect upon French Revolution, 166.
Rhode Island, its career under Articles of Confederation, 109; refuses to ratify Constitution, 143; bitter comment of Washington upon, 163.
Riedesel, General, friendship with Morris, 275.

538

INDEX

Rights of Englishmen, the question at issue in Revolution, 5; demanded by colonists, 6; by New York Dutch, 12.
Kivington, James, his press wrecked by Connecticut men, 39.
Rodney, Admiral, defeats Be Grasse, 101; his character, 101.
Rohan, Cardinal de, meets Morris, 216.
Roman Catholics, in New York and colonies, 8; bitter prejudices against, 34; their part in Revolution, 34; attempt of Jay to discriminate against, in New York Constitution, 56, 57.
Roosevelt family, in New York politics, 29.
Roosevelt, Isaac, favors ratification of Constitution, 144 ; protests against counting out of Jay, 284.
Rousseau, J. J., quoted by Morris, 27.
Rumford, Count, describes his attempted reforms in Bavaria, 275.
Rutledge, John, in Constitutional Convention, 115.
sands,	, protests against counting
out of Jay, 284.
St. Clair, Arthur, defeated by Bur-goyne, 60.
Schuyler family, its manorial estate, 12.
Schuyler, Philip, of Dutch ancestry, 9 ; commands against Burgoyne, 59; his insufficient forces, 60 ; held responsible for mishaps and replaced by Gates, 62 ; upheld by Morris and Jay, 62 ; succeeds in retarding Burgoyne, 63; his noble behavior, 64; his offer of help refused by Gates, 64; praised by Morris, 64 ; favors ratification of Constitution, 144; Federalist leader in New York, 283.
Scotch-Irish in New York, 8, 18; in Southern colonies, 10; Orangemen, 18.
Scott, Winfleld, in war of 1812, 304.
Sggur, M. de, frivolity in chapel, 182.
Senate of the United States, ratifies Morris's nomination, 219; ratifies Jay treaty, 284 j career of Morris in,
"   287-295.

Servants, indented, custom of import' ing Irish and German, 29 note.
Seward, W. H., compared to Revolutionary statesmen, 45.
Sheffield, Lord, rejoices at opportunity in war of 1812 to regain advan-
, tages lost in Jay treaty, 286.
Sheridan, General Philip H., compared to generals of Revolution, 45.
Sherman, John, compared with Robert Morris, 89.
Sherman, Roger, secures supplanting of Schuyler by Gates, 62.
Sherman, General W. T., compared to Revolutionary generals, 45.
Short, William, minister to Holland, disagrees with Morris as to payment of United States obligations to French republic, 244.
Sieyes, Abbe", his vanity described by Morris, 214.
Six Nations, their importance in New York history, 3; aid Tories in Mohawk Valley, 15.
Slavery, unsuccessful attempt of Jay and Morris to secure its abolition in New York Constitution, 58; debates in Constitutional Convention concerning, 136-141 ; determination of South to maintain, 137, 138, 139; indifference of New England members to, 138, 139, 140; necessity of compromises concerning, 141-143; consequences upon, of failure to unite, 142, 143.
Smith, William, advises Morris not to waste substance in foreign travel, 22.
"Sons of Liberty," their excesses alienate Whigs, 26, 27, 37 ; seize ammunition from British, 37.
South Carolina, its delegates join New England in opposing half-pay scheme, 69; combines aristocracy with separatism, 125; makes slave trade a condition of coming into Union, 139; its independence in politics, 283 ; held to Federalism by Pinckneys and others, 283.
Spain, danger of alarming it by Western claims, discussed by Gurard and Morris, 78, 79; mission of Jay to, 97; desires to keep Mississippi un*

INDEX

339

der its control, 97 ; as much the enemy of the United States as England, 105 ; wishes to prevent American claims to Mississippi and to West, 106; its policy aided by France, 106.
Spanish-American republics, unfit for self-government, 113, 114.
Spinola, Marquis de, description by Morris of French emigre's with, 2C7.
Stae'l, M. de, Morris's account of, 176, 177 ; consoled by Morris, 177.
Stae'l, Madame de, incident at her salon, 154, 155 ; relations of Morris to, 173; her vanity, 173, 174 ; endeavors to draw Morris out on politics, 174, 175; endeavors to flirt with Morris, 176, 177; renewed friendly relations with, 214; visited by Morris at Coppet, 264, 265; urges Morris to help Lafayette, 275; her effusive letters, 276.
Stamp Act, its passage begins struggle ending in Revolution, 4.
Stanton, E. M., compared to Revolutionary statesmen, 45.
Stark, John, leaves army with his force on eve of battle, 60.
States General, its opening witnessed by Morris, 115, 195; its contrast to Federal Convention, 115; its ability to rule country seen by Morris, 159; parties in, described, 164; abolishes pensions, 179; contempt of Morris for, 209, 212.
Statesmen, American, the product of training in self-government, 116; resemblance to English and Dutch statesmen, 116 ; not irreligious like French radicals, 116, 117; their practical common sense, 117; personal honor, 117.
States'-rights men, under confederation, their policy and its effects, 110, 111; accuse Morris of corruption, 112; do not practice when in power what they preach, 113, 114.
Stevens, Thaddeus, compared to Revolutionary statesmen, 45.
Suffren, Bailli de, his place as admiral, 101.
Sullivan family, Revolutionary leaders in New England, its origin, 10.

Sumner, Charles, comparer! to Revolutionary statesmen, 45.
Switzerland, comments of Morris on its sordidness, 265.
taine, H. A., on Morris's rant as observer of the French Revolution, 158.
Talleyrand, Marquis de, his speech on church property praised by Madame de Stael, 173 ; conversation of Madame de Flahaut with, 177; meets Morris at her salon, 177,178; dislike of Morris for, 191, 192; a bon mot of, recorded by Morris, 214; tries to persuade Morris to leave, 240.
Tarleton, Banastre, talks to Morris upon American war, 214.
Tegethof, Baron, superior as admiral to Rodney or Suffren, 102.
Tesse", Comtesse de, considers Morria too aristocratic, 157 ; her later disenchantment, 157, 158.
Thomas, General George H., compared to generals of Revolution, 45 ; from Virginia, 283.
Thugut, Baron, his politeness to Morris, 270.
Thurn and Taxis, Princess of, corresponds with Morris, 275, 287.
Tories, their origin as a party, 7; strength in Southern colonies, 7; in New York, 10, 17 ; mostly Episcopalians, 16, 17 ; contain merchant class, 18 ; justification of their position, 25; not to be blamed like later secessionists, 25; represent the un-progressive classes, 25, 26; in Provincial Congress, 30; prepare to fight, 38; their part in British army, 38, 39, 42; their aid a necessity to British success in South, 43; harsh action of New York convention against, 52 ; relations of Morris with, 53, 80; persecution of, in New York, 145.
Tourville, Admiral, compared to Suffren, 101.
Treaty of peace, erroneous statement of Lecky concerning, 102, 103 ; in-structions of Congress to commit sioners concerning, 104; independ*

340

INDEX

ent action of Adams and Jay, 104;
necessity of outwitting France, 105, 106; and securing West in spite oJ Spain, IOC; success of commissioners owing to England's policy, 107 ; credit of, belongs to Jay, 107.
Tioup, Robert, counsel in case with Morris, 279.
Tryon, Governor, welcomed by New York Assembly, 37, 38.
union, colonial, furthered by Morris's paper-money scheme, 32, 33; of States urged by Morris, 109, 110; by the public creditors and the army, 111.
vallandigham, C. L., compared with Federalists of 1S12, 312.
Van Cortlandt family, its manorial estate, 12; political leaders, 29.
Van Rensselaer family, its manorial estate, 12.
Van Kensselaer, Stephen, favors ratification of Constitution, 144; calls Morris " father of Erie Canal," 205.
Vergennes, Comte de, wishes to prevent United States from becoming too strong, 105; overreaches himself in dealings with American commissioners, 105.
Vermont, its secession to Burgoyne feared, 61; quarrels with New York over its independence, 83 ; position of Morris regarding, 84, 85; gains its point, 85.
Vienna, society in, 270-272, 275.
Virginia, brilliancy of its Revolutionary leaders, 14, 282 ; its delegates to Congress support half-pay scheme, 69; effect of Cornwallis's invasion described by Morris, 99; opposes slave trade in Constitutional Convention, 139; loss of control in, by Federalists, after Washington's death, 282; separatist movement in, 311.
war, French and Indian, part played
by New York in, 3. War of Revolution, its beginnings, 30,
37 ; capture of New York, 41 ; diffl-.   cutties of colonists in, 42; success

and failure due to Americans alone, 42; lack of resolution shown in, 42, 43, 67; campaign of Burgoyne in New York, 59-65 ; Valley Forge, 6ti, 67 ; Greene's campaign in Carolmas, 98, 99, 100; loss of Cornwallis, 100; hard plight of England in 1781,100; closing military and naval events of, 101; estimate of commanders in, 101,102 ; exhaustion of America and England after, 102.
War of 1812, caused by union of Southern and Western men, 128, 303; feebleness of Madison in beginning, 303 ; military events in, 304; inefficiency of conduct of, 304, 306 ; goc4 results of, 305; opposition of Fed-eralists to, 306.
Washburne, E. B., compared to Morris, 223.
Washington, George, slow to recognize necessity for independence, 28; welcomed by New York Assembly, 37, 38; arrives at New York with army, 40 ; insists on definite action by assembly, 40 ; defeated by Howe at Long Island, 41 ; his supremacy as leader and statesman, 44; relatively less eminent as general, 45; cabals against, 66; his recommendations supported in Congress by Morris, 68; urges a half-pay scheme, 68, 69; relies on Morris, 72, 73; complains to him of conduct of faint-hearted officers, 72; annoyed by foreign officers, 73, 74; excepts Lafayette from censure, 74 ; does not consider conquest of Canada feasible, 77; defeats Cornwallis at Yorktown, 100 ; the only great commander in the war, 101; assures Jay in 1782 of readiness to continue war, 103; in Constitutional Convention, 115; letter of Morris to, describing anti-Federalists in Pennsylvania, 144 ; letters of Morris to, on French Revolution, 160, 162, 164, 165, 168, 190, 192, 211, 235, 256 ; describes to Morris the situation in America, 163 ; fears Revolution will go too far, 164; not hostile to it, 165,166; receives a watch from Morris, 169; his statue by Houdon posed

INDEX

for by Morris, 1G9 ; appoints Morris private agent to Kngland, 197 ; letter of Morris to, on English policy, 204; appoints Morris minister to France, 219 ; warns him to be cautious, 220; appeals to Emperor in behalf of Lafayette, 238; sympathizes with Morris's reports, 254; and with his conduct as minister, 255; recalls and rebukes Monroe, 261; his mistake in appointing a Democrat, 2G2; replies to Morris's letter in behalf of England, 2C6; sustains Federalist party by his influence, 279; distrusts Madison and Jefferson, 279; his death causes disruption of Federalists, 279, 282 ; his influence secures ratification of Jay treaty, 284; begged by Morria to

accept rtmoin[nation, 285; death, 285.
Washington city, described by Morris in 1800, 287.
West, the, expansion in, disliked by Morris, 79, 98, 126; safeguards against, suggested by Morris in Constitutional Convention, 127 ; dan-ger of its leading us into war foreseen by Morris, 128; people ot, demand Louisiana, 292; proposal of Morris to keep it continually as province, 300.
Whigs, in New York, composed of moderates led by aristocratic families, 17 ; extreme faction of, 17, 18 ; mostly Presbyterians, 19 ; their justification against Tories, 24-26.
William III., toasted by Irish of New York in 17Cti, 18.

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